Annual report 2015

Cashflow statement

Statement of cash flows 1 January - 31 December
     
       
NOK 1 000
Note
2015
2014
       
Operating activities
     
Profit before tax and minorities
 
1 627 409
1 328 315
Taxes paid
- 409 133
- 222 697
Depreciation and write-downs
773 269
645 898
Value-change on investment property
- 190 117
- 169 358
Income on investments accounted for by the equity method
- 32 830
- 16 389
Pension costs without cash effects
10 892
- 41 309
Gain and loss on securities, net
 
-2 177 783
- 349 682
Net investment in securities
 
1 336 766
639 427
Net investment in investment property
- 63 559
- 366 961
Gain and loss on sale of tangible assets, net
 
- 41 935
- 28 052
Change in inventories
 
- 143 739
- 159 151
Change in short-term receivables and other curent assets
 
1 456 390
- 602 631
Change in trade payables and other current liabiities
 
- 704 557
31 647
Change in other long-term debt
 
- 25 762
33 795
Net cash flows from operating activities
 
1 415 311
722 851
       
       
Investing activities
     
Proceeds from sale of tangible and intangible assets
76 024
77 725
Purchases of tangible and intangible assets
- 582 895
- 678 026
Dividend received from companies accounted for by the equity method
33 934
22 312
Purchase of subsidiaries, net less bank deposits taken-over
- 115 712
- 544 123
Proceeds from sale of subsidiaries, net less bank deposits transferred
 
196 477
 
Net other investments
 
- 413 458
- 160 742
Net cash flows used in investing activities
 
- 805 630
-1 282 854
       
       
Financing activities
     
Change in interest-bearing debt
 
- 107 672
697 923
Dividend paid
 
- 175 000
- 156 897
Net transactions with non-controlling interests
 
- 1 687
11 590
Net cash flows from investing activities
 
- 284 358
552 616
       
Currency conversion of bank deposits
 
92 179
21 855
       
Change in bank deposits
 
417 502
14 469
Bank deposits at 1 January
 
1 435 235
1 306 257
Adjustment bank deposits discontinued operations
   
114 509
Bank deposits at 31 December
 
1 852 737
1 435 235
NOTE 1
GENERAL INFORMATION AND ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES
   
                 
General information
               
Ferd is a family-owned Norwegian investment-company committed to value-creating ownership of businesses and investments in financial assets. In addition to the Group’s purely commercial activities, Ferd has an extensive involvement in social entrepreneurship. Ferd AS is located in Strandveien 50, Lysaker.
   
                 
Ferd is owned by Johan H. Andresen and his family. Andresen is the Chair of the Board.
   
                 
The Company's financial statements for 2015 were approved by the Board of Directors on 21 April 2016.
   
                 
Basis for the preparation of the consolidated financial statements
               
Ferd AS' consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as approved by the EU.
   
                 
Summary of the most significant accounting principles
               
The most significant accounting principles applied in the preparation of the financial statements are described below. The accounting principles are consistent for similar transactions in the reporting periods presented, if not otherwise stated.
   
                 
Consolidation and consolidated financial statements
               
The consolidated financial statements show the overall financial results and the overall financial position for the parent company Ferd AS and entities where Ferd has direct or indirect control. Ferd has control over an investment if Ferd has the decision power over the enterprise in which it has been invested, is exposed to or is entitled to a variable return from the enterprise, and at the same time has the opportunity to use this decision power over the enterprise to influence on the variable return.
   
                 
Non-controlling interests in subsidiaries are disclosed as part of equity, but separated from the equity that can be attributed to the shareholders of Ferd AS. The non-controlling interests are either measured at fair value or at the proportionate share of identified net assets and liabilities. The principle for measuring non-controlling interests is determined separately for each business combination.
   
                 
Subsidiaries are consolidated from the date when the Group achieves control, and are excluded when such control ceases. Should there be a change in ownership in a subsidiary without any change of control, the change is accounted for as an equity transaction. The difference between the compensation and the carrying value of the non-controlling interests is recognised directly in equity and allocated to the shareholders of Ferd AS. At a loss of control, the subsidiary's assets, liabilities, non-controlling interests and any accumulated currency differences are derecognised. Any remaining owner interests at the date of the loss of control are measured at fair value, and gain or loss is recognised in the income statement.
   
                 
Inter-company transactions, balances and unrealised internal gains are eliminated. When required, adjustments are made to the financial statements of subsidiaries to bring their accounting principles in line with those used by the Group.
   
                 
Business combinations
               
Business combinations are accounted for by the acquisition method. This implies the identification of the acquiring company, the determination of the date for the take-over, the recognition and measurement of identifiable acquired assets, liabilities and any non-controlling interests in the acquired company taken over, and the recognition and measurement of goodwill or gain from an acquisition made on favourable terms.
   
                 
Assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities taken over or incurred are measured at fair value at the acquisition date. Goodwill is recognised as the total of the fair value of the consideration, including the value of the non-controlling interests and the fair value of former owner shares, less net identifiable assets in the business combination. Direct costs connected with the acquisition are recognised in the income statement.
   
                 
Any contingent consideration from the Group is recognised at fair value at the acquisition date. Changes in the value of the contingent consideration considered to be a financial liability pursuant to IAS 39, are recognised in the income statement when incurred. In step-by-step business combinations, the Group’s former stake is measured at fair value at the date of the take-over. Any adjustments in value are recognised in the income statement.
   
                 
Discontinued operations
   
Should a significant part of the Group's operations be disposed or agreed to be sold, this business is presented as "discontinued operations" on a separate line in the income statement and balance sheet. As a consequence, all other presented amounts are exclusive of the "discontinued operations". Comparable figures for income and expenses are restated in the accounts and notes. Comparable figures for balance sheet items and the statement of cash flows are not restated.
   
 
               
Investments in associates and joint ventures
               
Associates are entities over which the Group has significant influence, but not control. Significant influence implies that the Group is involved in strategic decisions concerning the company’s finances and operations without controlling these decisions. Significant influence normally exists for investments where the Group holds between 20 % and 50 % of the voting capital.
   
                 
A joint venture is a contractual arrangement requiring unanimous agreement between the owners about strategic, financial and operational decisions.
   
                 
Investments in associates and joint ventures are classified as non-current assets in the balance sheet.
   
                 
The exemption from using the equity method in IAS 28 for investments in associated companies and joint ventures owned by investing entities is the basis for presenting the investments in the business area Ferd Capital. These investments are recognised at fair value with value changes over profit and loss, and are classified as current assets in the balance sheet.
   
                 
Other investments in associates and joint ventures are accounted for by the equity method, i.e., the Group’s share of the associates’ profit or loss is disclosed on a separate line in the income statement. The carrying amount of the investment is added to Ferd's share of total comprehensive income in the investment. The accounting principles are adjusted to bring them in line with those of the Group. The carrying amount of investments in associates is classified as “Investments accounted for by the equity method” and includes goodwill identified at the date of acquisition, reduced by any subsequent write-downs.
   
                 
Sales income
               
The Group’s consolidated revenue mainly comprises the sale of a wide range of goods to manufacturing companies as well as to consumers, services to the oil sector, IT services and deliveries of packaging and packaging systems.
   
                 
Revenue from the sale of goods is recognised when the potential for earnings and losses has been transferred to the buyer, when income from the sale can be expected and the amount can be reliably measured. Revenue from the sale of services is recognised according to the service’s level of completion, provided the progress of the service and its income and costs can be reliably measured. Should the contract contain several elements, revenue from each element is recognised separately, provided that the transfer of risk and control can be separately assessed. Contracts concerning the sale of filling machines and packaging are commercially connected, and revenue is therefore recognised in total for the contract.
   
                 
Revenue is measured at the fair value of the compensation and presented net of discounts, value added tax and similar taxes.
   
                 
At the sale of intangible and tangible assets, gain or loss is calculated by comparing the proceeds with the residual carrying value of the sold asset. Calculated gain/loss is included in operating income or expenses, respectively.
   
                 
Foreign currency translation
               
Transactions in foreign currency in the individual Group entities are recognised and measured in the functional currency of the entity at the transaction date. Monetary items in foreign currency are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rate prevailing at the balance sheet date. Gain and loss arising from changes in foreign currency is recognised in the income statement with the exception of currency differences on loans in foreign currencies hedging a net investment, and inter-company balances considered to be part of the net investment. These differences are recognised as other income in total comprehensive income until the investment is disposed of.
   
                 
The consolidated financial statements are presented in Norwegian kroner (NOK), which is the functional currency of the parent company. When a subsidiary in foreign currency is consolidated, income and expense items are translated into Norwegian kroner at an average weighted exchange rate throughout the year. For balance sheet items, including excess values and goodwill, the exchange rate prevailing at the balance sheet date is used. Exchange differences arising when consolidating foreign subsidiaries are recognised in total comprehensive income until the subsidiary is disposed of.
   
                 
Loan expenses
               
Loan expenses that are directly attributable to the acquisition, manufacturing or production of an asset requiring a long time to be completed before it can be used, are added to the acquisition cost for the asset. For investment properties measured at fair value, Ferd is also capitalising loan expenses incurred in the development period. Ferd is capitalising loan expenses from the starting date for the preparation of the asset for its intended use and the loan expenses begin to incur. The capitalisation continues until these activities have been completed. Should the development be put temporarily on hold, the loan expenses are not capitalised during this period.
   
                 
Classification of financial instruments
               
Financial instruments constitute a substantial part of Ferd’s consolidated accounts and are of considerable significance for the overall financial standing and result of the Group. Financial assets and liabilities are recognised when the Group becomes a party to the contractual obligations and rights of the instrument. Pursuant to IAS 39, all Ferd’s financial instruments are initially classified in the following categories:
   
                 
1.    Financial instruments at fair value and with changes in value recognised over profit and loss
   
2.    Loans and receivables
   
3.    Financial liabilities
   
                 
Financial instruments are classified as held for trading and as part of category 1. Derivatives are classified as held for trading unless they are part of a hedging instrument, another asset or liability. Assets held for trading are classified as current assets.
   
                 
Financial instruments at fair value with value changes in the income statement pursuant to IAS 39 can also be classified in accordance with the "fair value option" in IAS 28.18. The instrument must initially be recognised at fair value with value changes over profit and loss and also meet certain criteria. The key assumption for applying the “fair value option” is that a group of financial assets and liabilities are managed on a fair value basis, and that management evaluates the earnings following the same principle.
   
                 
Loans and receivables are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments not quoted in an active market. They are classified as current assets, unless they are expected to be realised more than 12 months after the balance sheet date. Loans and receivables are presented as trade receivables, other receivables and bank deposits in the balance sheet.
   
                 
Financial liabilities not included in the category held for trading and not measured at “fair value over profit and loss” are classified as other liabilities. Trade payables and other liabilities are classified as current if the debt is due within one year or is part of the ordinary operating cycle. Debt arisen by utilising Ferd's loan facility is presented as long-term if Ferd both has the opportunity and the intention to revolve the debt more than 12 months.
   
                 
Recognition, measurement and presentation of financial instruments in the income statement and statement of financial position
   
Purchases and sales of financial instrument transactions are recognised on the date of the agreement. Financial instruments are derecognised when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire or have been transferred to another party. Correspondingly, financial instruments are derecognised when the Group on the whole has transferred the risk and reward of the ownership.
   
                 
Financial instruments at “fair value over profit and loss” are initially measured at quoted prices at the balance sheet date or estimated on the basis of measurable market information available at the balance sheet date. Transaction costs are recognised in the income statement. In subsequent periods, the financial instruments are presented at fair value based on market values or generally accepted calculation methods. Changes in value are recognised in the income statement.
   
                 
Loans and receivables are initially measured at fair value with the addition of direct transactions costs. In subsequent periods, the assets and liabilities are measured at amortised cost by using the effective interest method, less any decline in value. A provision for a decline in value is made for actual and possible losses on receivables. The Group regularly reviews receivables and prepares estimates for losses, as the basis for the provisions in the financial statements. Losses from declines in value are recognised in the income statement.
   
                 
Financial obligations classified as other liabilities are measured at amortised cost by using the effective interest method.
   
                 
Gain and loss from the realisation of financial instruments, changes in fair values and interest income are recognised in the income statement in the period they arise. Dividend income is recognised when the Group has the legal right to receive payment. Net income related to financial instruments is classified as operating income and presented as “Income from financial investments” in the income statement.
   
                 
Financial derivatives and hedge accounting
               
The Group applies financial derivatives to reduce the financial loss from exposures to unfavourable changes in exchange rates or interest rates. Financial derivatives related to a highly probable planned transaction (cash flow hedges) are recognised in accordance with the principles for hedge accounting when the hedge has been documented and meets the relevant requirements for effectiveness. Ferd is not applying hedge accounting for derivatives acquired to reduce risk in an asset or liabilities recognised in the balance sheet. Derivatives not qualified for hedge accounting are classified as financial instruments at fair value, and changes in value are recognised in the income statement.
   
                 
Cash flow hedging is presented by recognising a change in fair value of the financial derivative applied as cash flow hedging as other income and expenses in total comprehensive income until the underlying transaction is accounted for. The ineffective portion of the hedge is recognised immediately in profit or loss.
   
                 
When the hedge instrument expires or is disposed of, the planned transaction is carried out or when the hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, the accumulated effect of the hedging is recognised in the income statement.
   
                 
Income taxes
               
The income tax expense includes tax payable and changes in deferred tax. Income tax on other income and expenses items in total comprehensive income is also recognised in total comprehensive income, and tax on balances related to equity transactions are set off against equity.
   
                 
The tax payable for the period is calculated according to the tax rates and regulations ruling at the end of the reporting period. Tax payable for the period is calculated on the tax basis deviating from profit before tax as a consequence of amounts that shall be recognised as income or expense in another period (temporary differences) or balances never to be subject to tax (permanent differences)
   
                 
Deferred tax is calculated on temporary differences between book and tax values of assets and liabilities and the tax effects of losses to carry forward in the consolidated financial statements at the reporting date. Deferred tax liabilities associated with the initial recognition of goodwill in business combinations are not carried in the balance sheet, nor is deferred tax recognised in the balance sheet on the initial recognition of the acquisition of investment properties, if the purchase of a subsidiary with an investment property is considered as an acquisition of a separate asset.
   
 
               
Deferred tax assets are only recognised in the balance sheet to the extent that it is probable that there will be future taxable profits to utilise the benefits of the tax reducing temporary differences. Deferred tax liabilities and assets are calculated according to the tax rates and regulations ruling at the end of the reporting period and at nominal amounts. Deferred tax liabilities and assets are recognised net when the Group has a legal right to net assets and liabilities.
   
                 
Goodwill
               
Goodwill is the difference between the cost of an acquisition and the fair value of the Group’s share of net assets in the acquired business at the acquisition date. Goodwill arising on the acquisition of subsidiaries is classified as intangible assets.
   
 
               
Goodwill is tested for impairment annually, or more often if there are indications of impairment, and carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Impairment losses on goodwill are not reversed.
   
                 
Goodwill arising on the acquisition of a share in an associate is included in the carrying amount of the investment and tested for impairment as part of the carrying amount of the investment. Gain or loss arising from the realisation of a business includes goodwill allocated to the business sold.
   
                 
For the purpose of impairment testing, goodwill is allocated to the relevant cash-generating units. The allocation is made to the cash-generating units or groups of units expected to benefit from the synergies of the combination.
   
                 
Intangible assets
               
Intangible assets acquired separately are initially carried at cost. Intangible assets acquired in a business combination are recognised at their fair value at the time of the combination. In subsequent periods, intangible costs are recognised at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment.
   
                 
Intangible assets with a definite economic life are depreciated over their expected useful life. Normally, straight-line depreciation methods are applied, as this generally reflects the use of the assets in the most appropriate manner. This applies for intangible assets like software, customer relations, patents and rights and capitalised development costs. Intangible assets with an indefinite life are not depreciated, but tested for impairment annually. Some of the Group’s capitalised brands have indefinite economic lives.
   
                 
Research, development and other in-house generated intangible assets
               
Expenses relating to research activities are recognised in the income statement as they arise.
   
                 
In-house generated intangible assets arising from development are recognised in the balance sheet only if all the following conditions are met:
   
                 
1)    The asset can be identified.
   
2)    Ferd intends to, and has the ability to, complete the intangible asset, including the fact that Ferd has adequate technical, financial and other resources to finalise the development and to use or sell the intangible asset.
   
3)    The technical assumptions for completing the intangible asset are known.
   
4)    It is probable that the asset will generate future cash flows.
   
5)    The development costs can be reliably measured.
   
                 
In-house generated intangible assets are amortised over their estimated useful lives from the date when the assets are available for use. When the requirements for capitalisation no longer exist, the expenses are recognised in the income statement as incurred.
   
                 
Tangible assets
               
Tangible assets are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment. The cost includes expenses directly attributable to the acquisition of the asset, including loan costs. Expenses incurred after the acquisition are recognised as assets when future economic benefits are expected to arise from the asset and can be reliably measured. Current maintenance is expensed.
   
                 
Tangible assets are depreciated systematically over their expected useful lives, normally on a straight-line basis. When such assets have been capitalised under financial leasing, they are depreciated over the shorter of useful life and agreed lease period. If indications of impairment exist, the asset is tested for impairment.
   
                 
Impairment
               
Tangible and intangible assets that are depreciated are considered for impairment when there are indications to the effect that future earnings cannot support the carrying amount. If there are indicators on a possible decline in value, an evaluation of impairment is made. Intangible assets with undefined useful lives and goodwill are not depreciated, but evaluated annually for impairment.
   
                 
In the assessment of a decline in value, the first step is to calculate or estimate the assets' recoverable amount. Should it not be possible to calculate the recoverable amount for an individual asset, the recoverable amount for the cash-generating unit of which the asset is part, is calculated. A cash-generating unit is the smallest identifiable group of assets generating incoming cash-flows not depending on incoming cash-flows from other assets or groups of assets.
   
                 
The recoverable amount is the higher of an asset's fair value less costs to sell and its value in use. Fair value less costs to less is the amount that can be recovered at a sale of an asset in a transaction performed at arm’s length between well informed and voluntary parties, less costs to sell. The value in use is the present value of future cash flows expected to be generated by an asset or a cash-generating unit. In the event that the carrying amount exceeds the recoverable amount, the difference is recognised as a write-down. Write-downs are subsequently reversed when the impairment indicator no longer exists.
   
                 
Leasing
               
Leases are classified either as operating or finance leases based on the actual content of the agreements. Leases under which the lessee assumes a substantial part of risk and return are classified as finance leases. Other leases are classified as operating leases.
   
                 
The object and liability of finance leases with the Group as the lessee is initially recognised at the lower of the object’s fair value and the present value of the minimum lease. Lease payments are apportioned between the liability and finance cost in order to achieve a constant rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability. Variable and contingent lease amounts are recognised as operating costs in the income statement as they incur. Lease objects related to finance lease agreements are depreciated over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the asset and the lease term, provided that the Group will not assume ownership by the end of the lease term.
   
                 
Finance leases with the Group as the lessor are initially recognised at the beginning of the period as a receivable equal to the Group’s net investment in the lease agreement. The lease payments are apportioned between the repayment of the main balance and finance income. The finance income is calculated and recognised as a constant periodical return on the net investment over the lease period. Direct costs incurred in connection with the lease agreement are included in the value of the asset.
   
                 
Leasing costs in operating leases are charged to the income statement when incurred and are classified as other operating expenses.
   
                 
Investment property
               
Investment properties are acquired to achieve a long-term return on letting out or an increase in value, or both. Investment properties are measured at cost at the acquisition date, including transaction costs. In subsequent periods, investment properties are measured at their assumed fair value.
   
                 
Fair value is the price we would have achieved at a sale of the property in a well organised transaction to an external party, carried out on the balance sheet date. Fair value is either based on observable market values, which in reality requires a bid on the property, or a calculation considering rental income from closed lease contracts, an assumption of the future lease level based on the market situation on the balance sheet date and also all available information about the property and the market on which it will be sold, based on market prices. An assumption at the calculation is that the property is utilised in the best possible manner, i.e. in a manner achieving most profit.
   
                 
Revenue from investment properties includes the period’s net change in value of the properties together with rental income of the period less property related costs in the same period. Such revenue is classified as other operating income.
   
                 
Inventories
               
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realisable value. The costs of inventories are determined on a first-in-first-out basis. The cost of finished goods and goods in progress consists of costs related to product design, consumption of materials, direct wages and other direct costs. The net realisable value is the estimated selling price less estimated variable expenses for completion and sale.
   
                 
Cash and cash equivalents
               
Cash and cash equivalents include cash, bank deposits and other short-term and easily realisable investments that will fall due within 3 months. Restricted funds are also included. Drawings on bank overdraft are presented as current liabilities to credit institutions in the balance sheet. In the statement of cash flows, the overdraft facility is included in cash and cash equivalents.
   
                 
Pension costs and pension funds/obligations
               
Defined benefit plans
             
A defined benefit plan is a pension scheme defining the pension payment that an employee will receive at the time of retirement. The pension is normally determined as a part of the employee's salary. The Group's net obligation from defined benefit pension plans is calculated separately for each scheme. The obligation is calculated by an actuary and represents an estimate of future retirement benefits that the employees have earned at the balance sheet date as a consequence of their service in the present and former periods. The benefits are discounted to present value reduced by the fair value of the pension funds.
   
                 
The portion of the period's net cost that comprises the current year's pension earnings, curtailment and settlement of pension schemes, plan changes and accrued social security tax is included in payroll costs in the period during which the employee has worked and thereby earned the pension rights. The net interest expense on the pension obligation less expected return on the pension funds is charged to the income statement as finance costs in the same period. Positive and negative estimate deviations are recognised as other income and costs in total comprehensive income in the period when they were identified.
   
                 
Changes in defined benefit obligations due to changes in pension schemes are recognised over the estimated average remaining service period when the changes are not immediately recognised. Gain or loss on a curtailment or settlement of a benefit plan is recognised in the result when the curtailment or settlement occurs. A curtailment occurs when the Group decides to reduce significantly the number of employees covered by a plan or amends the terms of a defined benefit plan to the effect that a significant part of the current employees’ future earnings no longer qualify for benefits or will qualify for reduced benefits only.
   
                 
Defined contribution plans
           
Obligations to make contributions to contribution based pension plans are recognised as costs in the income statement when the employees have rendered services entitling them to the contribution.
   
                 
Provisions
               
A provision is recognised when the Group has an obligation as a result of previous events, it is probable that a financial settlement will take place and the amount can be reliably measured. The amount recognised as a provision is the best estimate of the consideration required to settle the present obligation at the end of the reporting period, discounted at present value if the discount effect is significant.
   
                 
Dividend
               
Dividend proposed by the Board is classified as equity in the financial statements and recognised as a liability only when it has been approved by the shareholders in a Shareholders' Meeting.
   
                 
Segments
               
Ferd reports segments in line with IFRS 8. Ferd is an investment company, and management makes decisions, is following up and evaluates the decisions based on the development in value and fair value of the Company's investment. Ferd distinguishes between business areas based on investment type/mandate, capital allocation, resource allocation and risk assessment.
   
                 
Cash flow statement
               
The cash flow statement has been prepared using the indirect method, implying that the basis used is the Group’s profit before tax to present cash flows generated by operating activities, investing activities and financing activities, respectively.
   
                 
Related parties
               
Parties are considered to be related when one of the parties has the control, joint control or significant influence over another party. Parties are also related if they are subject to a third party’s joint control, or one party can be subject to significant influence and the other joint control. A person or member of a person’s family is related when he or she has control, joint control or significant influence over the business. Companies controlled by or being under joint control by key executives are also considered to be related parties. All related party transactions are completed in accordance with written agreements and established principles.
   
                 
New accounting standards according to IFRS
               
                 
The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with standards issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and International Financial Reporting Standards - Interpretations Committee (IFRIC), effective for accounting years starting on 1 January 2015 or earlier.
   
                 
New and amended standards implemented by Ferd effective from the accounting year 2015
   
                 
Ferd has not implemented any new standards in 2015.
               
     
New and amended standards not yet implemented by Ferd
               
                 
IFRS 9 Financial instruments
           
IFRS 9 will replace the current IAS 39. The project is divided in several phases. The first phase concerns classification and measurement. The classification and measurement requirements for financial liabilities in IAS 39 are on the whole continued. The use of amortised cost and fair value is continued as a basis for measurement. Concretely defined instruments must be measured at amortised cost or at fair value with value changes over other comprehensive income. All other instrument shall be measured at fair value with value changes over profit and loss.
   
                 
Phase 2 concerns impairment of financial instruments, and the changes include a twist from making provisions for incurred losses to expected losses. Consequently, the new standard does not require a concrete loss event for making a provision for a credit loss. Provisions shall be made for estimated losses, and changes in these estimates shall also be recognised in the income statement on a current basis. The changes will have particular consequences for banks and lending businesses, but also for Ferd, as the Group has significant receivables from the sale of goods and services that are partly expected to be affected.
   
                 
Phase 3 concerns hedge accounting, and the rules in IFRS 9 are considerably more flexible than in IAS 39. Several types of instruments qualify as hedging instruments, more types of risk can be hedged, and even more importantly, the strong effectiveness requirements in IAS 39 have been modified. Instead of testing the effectiveness, IFRS 9 introduces a principle of a qualitative financial connection between a hedging instrument, the hedged object and risk. On the other hand, several new note requirements related to the enterprise's hedging strategy have been added.
   
                 
The implementation date for IFRS 9 is determined to accounting years starting on 1 January 2018, but the EU has not yet approved the standard. Ferd will implement the standard when it becomes mandatory.
   
                 
IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers
             
IFRS 15 is a joint standard for the recognition of income from customers and replaces IAS 18 Revenue, IAS 11 Construction Contracts, IFRS 13 Customer Loyalty Programmes, IFRIC 15 Agreements for the Construction of Real Estate, IFRIC 18 Transfers of Assets from Customers and SIC 31 Revenue – Barter Transactions Involving Advertising Services. IFRS 15 only concerns income from contracts with customers. Revenue relating to liability and equity instruments previously regulated by IAS 18, is moved to IAS 39 (and IFRS 9 when implemented).
   
                 
The main principle of IFRS 15 is that the recognition of income shall be made in such a manner that it correctly demonstrates how the compensation for deliveries of goods and services is recognised by the enterprise. IFRS 15 introduces a 5 step model.
   
                 
The standard is much more comprehensive and detailed than previous regulations, and it includes many additional guidelines and examples to assist the users to interpret the standard correctly.
   
                 
The standard is effective for accounting years starting on 1 January 2018, but it has still not been approved by the EU. The implementation of the standard is expected to have the largest consequences for those of Ferd's subsidiaries that deliver goods and services and where the delivery comprises several products.
   
                 
IFRS 16 Leases
               
IFRS 16 replaces the existing IFRS for leases, IAS 17 Leases. IFRS 16 states the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure for both parties in a lease agreement, i.e., the customer (lessee) and supplier (lessor). The new standard requires that the lessee recognises assets and liabilities for most lease agreements, which is a significant change from today's principles. For the lessor, IFRS 16 principally carries the existing principles in IAS 17 forward, i.e., lessors shall continue to classify leases as operating or finance lease agreements and account for them differently.
   
                 
The new standard is effective for the accounting year starting on 1 January 2019, but has so far not been approved by the EU. The standard is expected to have considerable consequences for those of Ferd's subsidiaries that have significant operating leases for tangible assets used in the manufacturing of goods.
   
NOTE 2
ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES AND JUDGEMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
             
Management has used estimates and assumptions in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements. This applies for assets, liabilities, expenses and disclosures. The underlying estimates and assumptions for valuations are based on historical experience and other factors considered to be relevant for the estimate on the balance sheet date. Estimates can differ from actual results. Changes in accounting estimates are recognised in the period they arise. The main balances where estimates have a significant impact on disclosed values are mentioned below. The methods for estimating fair value on financial assets are also described below.
             
In Ferd's opinion, the estimates of fair value reflect reasonable estimates and assumptions for all significant factors expected to be emphasised by the parties in an independent transaction, including those factors that have an impact on the expected cash flows, and by the degree of risk associated with them.
             
Determination of the fair value of financial assets
A large part of the Ferd Group's balance sheet comprises financial assets at fair value. The fair value assessment of financial assets will to varying degrees be influenced by estimates and assumptions related to factors like future cash flows, the required rate of return and interest rate level. The most significant uncertainty concerns the determination of fair value of the unlisted financial assets.
             
Listed shares and bonds
The fair value of financial assets traded in active and liquid markets is determined at noted market prices on the balance sheet date (the official closing price of the market). Accordingly, the determination of the value implies limited estimation uncertainty.
             
Unlisted shares and bonds
The class “Unlisted shares and bonds” comprises private shares and investments in private equity funds. The fair value is determined by applying well-known valuation models. The use of these models requires input of data that partly constitutes listed market prices and partly estimates on the future development, as well as assessments of a number of factors existing on the balance sheet date.
             
Hedge funds
The hedge funds are managed by external parties providing Ferd with monthly, quarterly or half-yearly estimates of the fair value. The estimates are verified by independent administrators. In addition, the total return from the funds is assessed for reasonableness against benchmark indices.
             
Investments in interest-bearing debt
The fair value of investments in interest-bearing debt is determined on the basis of quoted prices. If such prices are not available, the investment is valued in accordance with price models based on the current yield curve and external credit ratings.
             
Derivatives
The fair value of derivatives is based on quoted market prices. If such prices are not available, the investment is valued in accordance with the current yield curve and other relevant factors.
             
Determination of the fair value of investment properties
The Ferd Group has several investment properties recognised at fair value. The fair value is based on the discounted value of future cash flows, and the estimate will be impacted by expected future cash flows and the required rate of return. The main principles for determining the cash flows and required rates of return are described below.
             
Future cash flows are based on the following factors:
Existing contracts
Expected future rentals
Expected vacancies
             
The required rate of return is based on a market-based rate of return for properties with the assumed best location (prime-yield CBD) with the addition of a risk premium for the property.
             
The risk premium is based on:
Location
Standard
Expected market development
Rent level compared to the rest of the market
The tenant’s financial strength
Property specific knowledge
             
In the event of transactions concerning comparable properties close to the balance sheet date, these values are applied as a cross-reference for the valuation.
             
Properties that are part of development projects are valued by applying the same method, but the uncertainty of the estimates is larger. For development projects, the value of the project is increased in line with achieved milestones.
             
Impairment considerations of goodwill
Goodwill is tested annually for impairment by discounting expected future cash flows of the cash-generating unit to which goodwill is allocated. If the discounted value of future cash flows is lower than the carrying value, goodwill is written down to the recoverable amount. The impairment tests are based on assumptions of future expected cash flows and estimates of the discount interest rate.
             
Note 13 has details on the impairment considerations for goodwill.
             
Depreciation and impairment of tangible and intangible assets
Tangible and intangible assets with definite lives are recognised at cost. The acquisition cost less the residual value is depreciated over the expected useful economic life. The carrying values will depend on the the Group’s estimates on useful lives and residual values. These assumptions are estimated on the basis of experience, history and judgemental considerations. The estimates are adjusted if the expectations change.
             
Testing for impairment is undertaken when indicators of a permanent decline in value of tangible or intangible assets are identified. These tests are based on estimates and assumptions on future cash flows and discount interest rate.
             
Pension funds and obligations
The calculation of pension obligations implies the use of judgement and estimates on a number of financial and demographical assumptions. Note 19 has details on the assumptions used. Changes in assumptions can result in significant changes in pension obligations and funds in the balance sheet.
             
Deferred tax assets
Deferred tax assets of tax losses to carry forward and other tax-reducing differences are recognised in the balance sheet to the extent that it is probable that the deferred tax assets can be utilised against future taxable income. Management is required to use significant judgement to determine the size of the deferred tax assets recognised in the balance sheet. The disclosed value shall be based on expectations of future taxable income, the points in time for utilising the deferred tax asset and future tax planning strategies.
             
Provision for losses on receivables
The provision for losses on receivables is estimated on the probability for not recovering the outstanding amounts due. The assessment is based on historical experience, the aging of the receivable and the counterparty’s financial situation.
NOTE 3
SEGMENT REPORTING
 
               
Ferd's segment reporting complies with IFRS 8. Ferd is an investment company, and the Company's management makes decisions, monitors and evaluates these decisions based on the development in value and fair value of the Company's investments. The operating segments are identified on the basis of investment type/mandate, capital and resource allocation and risk assessment. Ferd is operating the following four business areas:
 
               
Ferd Capital is a long-term investor working actively with the companies during the period of ownership to secure the development in value to be the best possible. Ferd Capital comprises three mandates: Non-listed companies, listed companies and Special Investment. Special Investments is a mandate in the initial phase.
Those companies where Ferd Capital has control, are consolidated into the group accounts, and the segment reporting in the consolidated financial statements consequently comprises the consolidated results from these companies, in addition to value changes and management costs on non-consolidated companies and other investments . The value of the investments and the value changes are included in Ferd AS' company accounts, where Ferd Capital reports MNOK 286 in operating profit. The value of Ferd Capital's portfolio constitutes MNOK 10 616 at 31 December 2015 and MNOK 10 317 at 31 December 2014 measured at fair value.
 
   
Ferd Capital's largest investments as of 31 Descember 2015 are:
 
               
- Elopak (100 percent stake) is one of the world's leading manufacturers of packaging systems for fluid food articles. With an organisation and cooperating partners in more than 40 countries, the company's products are sold and marketed in more than 100 countries.
 
- Aibel (49 percent stake) is a leading supplier to the international upstream oil and gas industry concentrating on the Norwegian shelf. The company is engaged in operating, maintaining and modifying offshore and land based plants, and is also supplying complete production and processing installations.
 
- TeleComputing (96 percent stake) is a leading supplier of IT services to small and medium-sized enterprises in Norway and Sweden. The company supplies netbased applications and customised operating and outsourcing services.
 
- Interwell (58 percent stake) is a preeminent Norwegian supplier of high-tech well tools to the international oil and gas industry. The company's most important market is the Norwegian shelf, but it has in recent years also gained access to several significant markets internationally.
 
- Swix Sport (100 percent stake) is developing, manufacturing and marketing ski wax, ski sticks, accessories and textiles for sporting and active leasure time use. The company has extensive operations in Norway and abroad.
 
- Mestergruppen (95 percent stake) is a prominent actor in the Norwegian building materials market concentrating on the professional part of the market. The company's operations include the sale of building materials and developing land and projects, housing and cottage chains.
 
- Servi (100 percent stake). Servi develops and manufactures customer specific hydraulics systems, cylinders and vents to the offshore, maritime and land based industries.
 
- Petroleum Geo-Services (10,1 percent stake). Petroleum Geo-Services (PGS) supplies seismology, electro-magnetic services and reservoir analyses to oil companies engaged in offshore operations all over the world.
 
- Fjord Line (38,5 percent stake). Fjord Line is a modern shipping company offering safe and comfortable sea transport between Norway, Denmark and Svweden. In addition to passenger traffic, Fjord Line has adequate capacity for freight of all types of utility vehicles handled by the shipping company's cargo departments in Norway and Denmark.
 
               
*) The TeleComputing business was sold in 2016, and operations are not included in the segment information of Ferd Capital for 2015. The income statement items for 2014 have been correspondingly restated for presentation purposes. Note 33 has more information.
 
               
Ferd Invest mainly invests in listed Nordic limited companies. The ambition is to beat a Nordic share index (the MSCI Nordic Mid Cap Index). The investment team is not focusing on the reference index in the management of the portfolio, but oncentrates on the companies in which they invest and their development.
 
               
Ferd Hedge Fund comprises two mandates: Hedge funds investing in various types of hedge funds managed by hedge fund environments abroad. The aim is to achieve an attractive risk-adjusted return, both in absolute terms and relatively to the hedge fund index (HFRI FoF: Conservative Index). In the Global Fund Opportunities mandate (GFO), Ferd Hedgefond can invest in externally managed opportunities not suitable for the hedge funds portfolio, but are attractive in view of Ferd's total portfolio and contribute to spread risk in the Group.
 
               
Ferd Real Estate is an active property investor responsible for the Group's efforts concerning property. Developments mainly take place within housing projects, new office buildings and warehouse/combined buildings. The projects are partly carried out in-house, partly together with selected external cooperating partners. Investments concerning financial property only are also made.
 
               
Other areas mainly comprises investments in externally managed private equity funds and hedge funds acquired in the second-hand market. These investments do no require much daily follow-up and are therefore monitored by management. Other areas also comprise some financial instruments to be utilised by management to adjust the total risk exposure. Costs to the company's management, staff and in-house bank are also included.
 
               
               
NOK 1 000
Ferd AS Group
Ferd Capital
Ferd Invest
Ferd Hedge Fund
Ferd Real Estate
Other areas
 
Result 2015
             
Sales income
12 912 698
12 910 948
 
 
1 750
 
 
Income from financial investments
1 985 920
- 177 017
1 419 511
144 773
119 783
478 870
 
Other income
315 246
34 665
60
- 143
278 272
2 392
 
Operating income
15 213 863
12 768 596
1 419 571
144 630
399 805
481 262
 
             
 
Operating expenses excl. depreciation and impairment
12 132 630
11 996 794
9 181
11 503
46 843
68 310
 
EBITDA
3 081 233
771 801
1 410 391
133 127
352 962
412 952
 
               
Depreciation and impairment
773 269
770 004
 
68
2 153
1 045
 
Operating profit
2 307 964
1 797
1 410 391
133 060
350 809
411 908
 
             
 
Income on investments accounted for by the equity method
34 548
37 442
 
 
- 2 894
 
 
Result before finance items and income tax expense
2 342 512
39 239
1 410 391
133 060
347 915
411 908
 
               
Balance sheet as at 31 December 2015
             
Intangible assets
3 153 719
3 153 719
 
 
 
 
 
Tangible assets and investment properties
4 411 260
2 057 210
 
 
2 346 947
7 102
 
Investments accounted for by the equity method
494 635
338 967
 
 
155 668
   
Investments classified as current asset
15 652 095
2 031 641
6 218 513
3 887 561
460 530
3 053 850
 
Bank deposits 1)
1 852 737
1 175 613
53 061
41 352
173 494
409 217
 
Other assets
6 674 348
5 963 617
27 259
19 947
326 031
337 495
 
Total assets
32 238 793
14 720 767
6 298 833
3 948 859
3 462 670
3 807 664
 
1) The business area's net withdrawals from the bank accounts are included here.
 
               
NOK 1 000
Ferd AS Group
Ferd Capital
Ferd Invest
Ferd Hedge Fund
Ferd Real Estate
Other areas
 
Result 2014
             
Sales income
11 852 804
11 851 557
 
 
1 247
 
 
Income from financial investments
599 704
-1 291 897
665 319
96 164
78 267
1 051 850
 
Other income
277 624
32 206
 
48
244 962
407
 
Operating income
12 730 131
10 591 866
665 319
96 213
324 476
1 052 258
 
               
Operating expenses excl. depreciation and impairment
10 872 651
10 741 804
8 694
8 248
36 779
77 126
 
EBITDA
1 857 480
- 149 938
656 625
87 965
287 697
975 132
 
               
Depreciation and impairment
540 968
535 748
40
45
3 989
1 146
 
Operating profit
1 316 513
- 685 685
656 585
87 919
283 707
973 986
 
               
Income on investments accounted for by the equity method
30 367
33 211
 
 
- 2 843
 
 
Result before finance items and income tax expense
1 346 880
- 652 475
656 585
87 919
280 864
973 986
 
               
Balance sheet at 31 December 2015
             
Intangible assets
4 117 955
4 116 955
 
 
1 000
 
 
Tangible assets and investment properties
4 823 075
2 166 416
 
 
2 649 138
7 521
 
Investments accounted for by the equity method
442 250
312 318
 
 
129 932
 
 
Investments classified as current asset
14 361 391
1 438 482
5 645 279
2 869 671
348 035
4 059 924
 
Bank deposits 1)
1 320 725
1 520 642
11 390
- 157 173
- 178 796
124 662
 
Other assets
5 819 699
4 607 573
3 769
146 700
408 314
653 343
 
Total assets
30 885 095
14 162 386
5 660 439
2 859 197
3 357 622
4 845 450
 
1) The business area's net withdrawals from the bank accounts are included here.
 
NOTE 4
INCOME FROM FINANCIAL INVESTMENTS
     
Income from financial investments by the various asset classes:
   
     
NOK 1 000
2015
2014
Listed shares and bonds
1 283 119
714 795
Unlisted shares and bonds
- 184 635
-1 295 073
Hedge funds
887 436
1 179 982
Total income from financial investments
1 985 920
599 704
NOTE 5
FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND THE USE OF FAIR VALUE
                 
Ferd's principles in the measurement of fair value, generally
Ferd applies the valuation method that is considered to be the most representative estimate of an assumed sales value. Such a sale shall be carried out in an orderly transaction at the balance sheet date. As a consequence, all assets for which there is observable market information, or where a transaction recently has been carried out, these prices are applied (the market method). When a price for an identical asset is not observable, the fair value is calculated by another valuation method. In the valuatons, Ferd applies relevant and observable data to the largest possible extent.
 
                 
For all investments where the value is determined by another method than the market method, analyses of changes in value from period to period are carried out. Thorough analyses on several levels are made, both overall within the business area, by Ferd's group management and finally by Ferd's Board. Sensitivity analyses for the most central and critical input data in the valuation model are prepared, and in some instances recalculations of the valuation are made by using alternative valuation methods in order to confirm the calculated value.
                 
Ferd is consistent in the application of valuation method and normally does not change the valuation principles. A change of principles will deteriorate the reliability of the reporting and weaken the comparability between periods. The principle for the valuation and use of method is determined for the investment before it is carried out, and is changed only exceptionally and if the change results in a measurement that under the circumstances is more representative for the fair value.
                 
Valuation methods
Investments in listed shares are valued by applying the market method. The quoted price for the most recent carried-out transaction on the market place is the basis.
                 
Investments in unlisted shares managed in-house are normally valued on the basis of an earnings multiple. In calculating the value (Enterprise Value - EV), ratios like EV/EBITDA, EV/EBITA , EV/EBIT and EV / EBITDA-CAPEX are applied.. Ferd obtains relevant mutiples for comparable companies. The multiples for the portfolio companies are adjusted if the assumptions are not the same as for peer groups. Such assumptions can include a control premium, a liquidity discount, growth assumptions, margins or similar. The company's result applied in the valuation is normalised for one-off ffects. Finally, the equity value is calculated by deducting net interest-bearing debt. In the event that an independent transaction has taken place in the security, this is normally used as a basis for our valuation
                 
The valuation of investments in externally managed private equity and hedge funds is based on value reports received from the funds (NAV). Ferd makes a critical assessment of whether the reported NAV can be used as a basis.
                 
Rental properties are valued by discounting future expected cash flows. The value of properties being part of building projects is valued at an assumed sales value on a continuous basis. There is often a shift in value at achieved milestones. Our calculated values are regularly compared to independent valuations.
                 
The table below is an overview of carrying and fair value of the Group's assets and liabilities and how they are valued in the financial statements. It is the starting point for additional information on the Company's financial risk and refers to notes to follow.
               
     
Investments at fair value over profit and loss
Investments at fair value over other comprehensive income
Financial instruments measured at amortised cost
   
NOK 1 000
   
Loans and receivables
Financial liability
Other valuation methods
TOTAL
   
Non-current assets
               
Intangible assets
         
3 153 719
3 153 719
Deferred tax assets
         
257 916
257 916
Tangible assets
         
2 175 360
2 175 360
Investments accoundted for by the equity method
       
494 635
494 635
Investment property
 
2 235 900
       
2 235 900
Pension funds
         
25 370
25 370
Other financial non-current assets
   
137 883
 
85 742
223 625
Total 2015
   
2 235 900
 
137 883
 
6 192 742
8 566 524
Total 2014
   
2 386 449
 
190 409
 
7 291 683
9 868 541
                 
Current assets
             
Inventories
           
2 635 545
2 635 545
Short-term receivables
   
61 075
2 375 563
   
2 436 638
Listed shares and bonds
 
7 283 017
       
7 283 017
Unlisted shares and bonds
3 071 613
       
3 071 613
Hedge funds
   
5 202 980
       
5 202 980
Investments in interest-bearing debt
 
94 484
       
94 484
Bank deposits
     
1 852 737
   
1 852 737
Total 2015
   
15 652 095
61 075
4 228 300
 
2 635 545
22 577 015
Total 2014
   
14 361 391
11 565
4 087 298
 
2 556 300
21 016 554
                 
Non-current liabilities
             
Pension obligation
     
 
 
193 138
193 138
Deferred tax
           
847 312
847 312
Long-term interest-bearing debt
     
4 035 847
- 20 798
4 015 050
Other long-term debt
       
147 187
 
147 187
Total 2015
   
 
 
 
4 183 034
1 019 652
5 202 686
Total 2014
   
 
52 281
 
3 939 461
963 402
4 955 144
                 
Current liabilities
             
Short-term interest-bearing debt
   
 
661 163
 
661 163
Tax payable
           
143 752
143 752
Other short-term debt
 
196 537
   
2 833 214
 
3 029 751
Total 2015
   
196 537
 
 
3 494 377
143 752
3 834 665
Total 2014
   
15 503
58 167
 
4 166 278
359 718
4 599 666
                 
Fair value herarchy - financial assets and liabilities
                 
Ferd classifies assets and liabilities measured at fair value in the balance sheet by a hierarchy based on the underlying object for the valuation. The hierarchy has the following levels:
                 
Level 1: Valuation based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets without adjustments. An active market is characterised by the fact that the security is traded with adequate frequency and volume in the market. The price information shall be continuously updated and represent expected sales proceeds. Only listed shares are considered to be level 1 investments.
                 
Level 2: Level 2 comprises investments where there are quoted prices , but the markets do not meet the requirements for being characterised as active. Also included are investments where the valuation can be fully derived from the value of other quoted prices, including the value of underlying securities, interest rate level, exchange rate etc. In addition, financial derivatives like interest rate swaps and currency futures are considered to be level 2 investments. Ferd's hedge fund portfolio is considered to meet the requirements of level 2. These funds comprise composite portfolios of shares, interest securities, raw materials and other negotiable derivatives. For such funds the value (NAV) is reported on a continuous basis, and the reported NAV is applied on transactions in the fund.
                 
Level 3: All Ferd's other securities are valued on level 3. This concerns investments where all or parts of the information about value cannot be observed in the market. Ferd is also applying valuation models for investments where the share has little or no trading. Securities valued on the basis of quoted prices or reported value (NAV), but where significant adjustments are required, are assessed on level 3. For Ferd this concerns all private equity investments and funds investments made in the second-hand market, where reported NAV has to be adjusted for discounts. A reconciliation of the movements of assets on level 3 is shown in a separate table.
                 
Ferd allocates each investment to its respective level in the hiearchy at the acquisition. Transfers from one level to another are made only exceptionally and only if there have been changes of significance for the level classification concerning the financial asset. This can be the case when an unlisted share has been listed or correspondingly. A transfer between levels will then take place when the change has been known to Ferd.
                 
The table shows at what level in the valuation hierarchy the different measurement methods for the Group's financial instruments at fair value is considered to be:
                 
NOK 1 000
       
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Total 2015
Assets
               
Investment property
         
2 235 900
2 235 900
Short-term receivables
       
61 075
 
61 075
Listed shares and bonds
     
7 283 017
   
7 283 017
Unlisted shares and bonds
       
3 071 613
3 071 613
Hedge funds
         
3 887 561
1 315 420
5 202 980
Investments in interest-bearing debt
         
94 484
 
94 484
Liabilities
             
 
Other short-term debt
       
- 92 407
- 104 129
- 196 537
Total 2015
       
7 283 017
3 950 712
6 518 803
17 752 533
                 
NOK 1 000
       
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Total 2014
Assets
               
Investment property
         
2 386 449
2 386 449
Short-term receivables
       
11 565
 
11 565
Listed shares and bonds
     
6 622 553
   
6 622 553
Unlisted shares and bonds
       
3 086 854
3 086 854
Hedge funds
         
2 869 671
1 782 313
4 651 984
Liabilities
               
Other long-term debt
       
- 52 281
 
- 52 281
Other short-term debt
       
- 73 670
 
- 73 670
Total 2014
       
6 622 553
2 755 285
7 255 616
16 633 454
                 
Reconciliation of movements in assets on level 3
         
NOK 1 000
 
Op.bal.1 Jan. 2015
Purchases/share issues
Sales and proceeds from investments*
Unrealised gain and loss, recognised in comprehensive income
Unrealised gain and loss, recognised in the result
Gain and loss recognised in the result
Closing bal. on 31 Dec. 2015
Investment property
2 386 449
215 561
- 556 228
 
190 117
 
2 235 900
Unlisted shares and bonds
3 086 854
634 328
- 529 564
 
- 164 691
44 687
3 071 613
Hedge funds
 
1 782 313
199 069
- 730 396
 
- 442 772
507 206
1 315 420
Total
 
7 255 616
1 048 958
-1 816 188
 
- 417 346
551 893
6 622 933
                 
                 
NOK 1 000
 
Op.bal.1 Jan. 2014
Purchases/share issues
Sales and proceeds from investments*
Unrealised gain and loss, recognised in comprehensive income
Unrealised gain and loss, recognised in the result
Gain and loss recognised in the result
Closing bal. on 31 Dec. 2014
Investment property
1 828 917
390 609
- 2 435
 
169 358
 
2 386 449
Unlisted shares and bonds
5 446 096
553 599
-1 425 596
 
-1 383 158
- 104 087
3 086 854
Hedge funds
 
2 017 082
92 895
- 901 293
 
573 629
 
1 782 313
Total
 
9 292 095
1 037 103
-2 329 324
 
- 640 171
- 104 087
7 255 616
                 
*Included in sales and disposals are MNOK 686 for Interwell AS, that in 2014 was reclassififed from unlisted shares measured at fair value to subsidiary.
                 
The table below gives an overview over the most central assumptions used when measuring the fair value of Ferd's investments, allocated to level 3 in the hierarchy. We also show how sensitive the value of the investments is for changes in the assumptions.
NOK 1 000
 
Balance sheet value at 31 Dec. 2015
Applied and implicit EBITDA multiples
Value, if multiple reduced by 10%
Value, if multiple increased by 10%
Applied discount rate
Value, if interest rate increased by 1 percentage point
Value, if interest rate reduced by 1 percentage point
Investment property 1)
 
2 235 900
     
7.0 % - 11.7 %
1 907 000
2 724 000
Unlisted shares and bonds sensitive for multiple 2)
868 777
9,2 - 15,7
610 777
1 126 777
     
Other unlisted shares and bonds sensitive for multiple 2)
 
2 202 836
           
                 
NOK 1 000
 
Balance sheet value at 31 Dec 2015
     
Estimated discounts acc. to broker (interval)
Value if discount increased by 10 %
Value if discount reduced by 10 %
Hedge fund 3)
 
1 315 420
     
1 % - 83 %
1 215 775
1 415 064
                 
1) Appr. 68% of Ferd Eiendom AS' portfolio constitutes rental property and development projects sensitive for changes in the discount interest rate.
2) Appr. 28 % of the value of unlisted shares and bonds are sensitive for a change in multiple. The other investments are valued on the basis of reported NAV whereby Ferd cannot calculate the sensitivity, even though multiples probably have been applied in determining NAV.
2) Appr. 80 % of the investments are sensitive for a change in discount.
NOTE 6
RISIK MANAGEMENT - INVESTING ACTIVITIES
                 
There have been no signifcant changes related to the Company's risk management in the period.
                 
IMPAIRMENT RISK AND CAPITAL ALLOCATION
       
                 
Ferd's allocation of capital shall be in line with the owner's risk tolerance. One measure of this risk tolerance is the size of the decline in value in kroner or percent that the owner accepts if any of the markets Ferd is exposed to should experience very heavy and quick downfalls. Ferd's total portfolio shall normally have maximum 35 per cent impairment risk. The impairment risk regulates how large part of equity that can be invested in assets with high risk for impairment. This is measured and followed up by stress tests. The loss risk is assessed as a possible total impairment expressed in kroner and as a percentage of equity. Due to Ferd's long-term approach, the owner can accept significant fluctuations in value-adjusted equity.
                 
CATEGORIES OF FINANCIAL RISK
               
                 
Liquidity risk
             
Ferd strongly emphasises liquidity and assumes that the return from financial investments shall contribute to cover current interest costs. Hence, it is important that Ferd's balance sheet is liquid, and that the possibility to realise assets corresponds well with the term of the debt. Ferd has determined that under normal market conditions, at least 4 billion kroner of the financial investments shall comprise assets that can be realised within a quarter of a year. This is primarily managed by investments in listed shares and hedge funds. Note 16 in the parent company's accounts has more information about Ferd's loan facilities, including an overview of due dates of the debt.
                 
Foreign currency risk
             
Ferd is well aware of foreign currency risks. We assume that Ferd always will have a certain part of equity invested in euro, USD and Swedish kroner, and is therefore normally not hedging the currency exposure to Norwegian kroner. If the exposure in a currency is considered to be too high or low, the currency exposure is regulated by loans on the parent company level in the currency in question, or by using derivatives.
                 
Ferd has the following outstanding currency derivatives on the parent company level as at 31 December 2015:
         
Purchases of currency
Disposals of currency
NOK 1 000
       
Currency
Amount
Currency
Amount
         
NOK
3 486 070
USD
- 400 000
         
NOK
1 913 430
EUR
- 200 000
                 
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS, IMPAIRMENT RISK IN INVESTMENT ACTIVITIES
   
                 
The stress test is based on a classification of Ferd's equity in different asset classes, exposed for impairment as follows:
- The Norwegian stock market declines by 30 percent
- International stock markets decline by 20 percent
- Property declines by 10 percent
- The Norwegian krone appreciates by 10 percent
                 
In order to refine the calculations, it is considered whether Ferd's investments will decline more or less than the market. As an example, it is assumed that the unlisted investments in a stress test scenario have an impairment loss of 1.0-1.3 times the Norwegian market.
                 
NOK 1 000
           
2015
2014
Price risk: Norwegian shares decline by 30 percent
           
-4 100 000
-4 200 000
Price risk: International shares decline by 20 percent
           
-1 700 000
-1 700 000
Price risk: Property declines by 10 percent
           
- 300 000
- 300 000
Currency risk: The Norwegian krone appreciates 10 percent
           
-1 200 000
-1 100 000
Total impairment in value-adjusted equity
           
-7 300 000
-7 300 000
                 
Impairment as a percentage of value-adjusted equity
           
28%
30%
NOTE 7
SHARES AND STAKES IN OTHER COMPANIES WITH OWNERSHIPS IN EXCESS OF 10%
       
 
Business office
Stake
Measurement method
Subsidiaries
     
Elopak AS with subsidiaries
Røyken
100,0 %
Consolidated
FC Well Invest AS with subsidiaries (Interwell)
Bærum
100,0 %
Consolidated
FC-Invest AS with subsidiaries (TeleComputing)
Bærum
100,0 %
Consolidated
Ferd Aibel Holding AS
Bærum
100,0 %
Consolidated
1912 Top Holding AS with subsidiaries (Servi Gruppen)
Bærum
100,0 %
Consolidated
Ferd Eiendom AS with subsidiaries
Bærum
100,0 %
Consolidated
Ferd Malta Holdings Ltd
Malta
100,0 %
Consolidated
Ferd MG Holding AS with subsidiaries (Mestergruppen)
Bærum
100,0 %
Konsolidert
Ferd Sosiale Entreprenører AS
Bærum
100,0 %
Consolidated
Norse Crown Company Ltd. AS
Bærum
100,0 %
Consolidated
Swix Sport AS with subsidiaries
Oslo
100,0 %
Consolidated
       
Joint ventures
     
Aibel Holding I AS with subsidiaries (Aibel)
Stavanger
50,0 %
Fair value
Elocap Ltd
Israel
50,0 %
Equity method
Frogn Næringspark AS
Trondheim
50,0 %
Equity method
Sanderveien 18 AS
Ski
50,0 %
Equity method
Impresora del Yaque
Santiago De Los Caballeros, Dominikanske Rep.
51,0 %
Equity method
       
Associated companies
     
Al-Obeikan Elopak factory for Packaging Co
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
49,0 %
Equity method
Lala Elopak S.A. de C.V.
Gómez Palacio, Mexico
49,0 %
Equity method
Tiedemannsbyen DA
Oslo
50,0 %
Equity method
Lofoten Tomteselskap AS
Bodø
35,0 %
Equity method
Hafrsby AS
Stavanger
14,5 %
Equity method
Hunstad Sør Tomteselskap AS
Bodø
31,6 %
Equity method
Tastarustå Byutvikling AS
Stavanger
33,3 %
Equity method
Madla Byutvikling AS
Stavanger
33,3 %
Equity method
Boreal GmbH
Tyskland
20,0 %
Equity method
Siriskjær AS
Stavanger
50,0 %
Equity method
Solheim Byutviklingselskap AS
Stavanger
33,3 %
Equity method
Sporafjell Utviklingsselskap AS
Stavanger
50,0 %
Equity method
Kråkeland Hytteservice AS
Sirdal
33,5 %
Equity method
       
Non-current shares with ownership >10%
     
Herkules Capital I AS
 
40,0 %
Fair value
       
Current shares with ownership >10%
     
Fjord Line AS
 
38,5 %
Fair value
Credo Invest nr 9 AS
 
51,3 %
Fair value
Energy Ventures II AS
 
26,0 %
Fair value
Energy Ventures II KS
 
22,1 %
Fair value
Energy Ventures III AS
 
25,0 %
Fair value
Energy Ventures III GP LP
 
25,0 %
Fair value
Energy Ventures III LP
 
18,7 %
Fair value
Energy Ventures IS
 
19,1 %
Fair value
Harbert European Real Estate Fund II
 
25,9 %
Fair value
Harbert European Real Estate Fund III
 
9,8 %
Fair value
Herkules Private Equity Fund II (GP-I) Ltd
 
40,0 %
Fair value
Herkules Private Equity Fund II (GP-II) Ltd
 
40,0 %
Fair value
Herkules Private Equity Fund II (LP-I) Limited
 
74,5 %
Fair value
Herkules Private Equity Fund III (GP-I) Ltd
 
4,2 %
Fair value
Herkules Private Equity Fund III (GP-II) Ltd
 
4,2 %
Fair value
Herkules Private Equity Fund III (LP-I) Limited
 
25,1 %
Fair value
Intera Fund I
 
12,0 %
Fair value
Marical Inc
 
22,4 %
Fair value
NMI AS
 
12,5 %
Fair value
NMI Frontier
 
12,5 %
Fair value
NMI Fund III
 
28,4 %
Fair value
NMI Global
 
12,5 %
Fair value
SPV Herkules II LP
 
81,5 %
Fair value
Petroleum Geo-Services ASA
 
10,1 %
Fair value
Scatec Solar AS
 
5,1 %
Fair value
SPG Bostad Sverige AB
 
58,5 %
Fair value
SPG Bostad Örebro AB
 
17,2 %
Fair value
SPG Bostad Kronetorp AB
 
37,7 %
Fair value
NOTE 8
INVESTMENT PROPERTY
     
Investment property
   
NOK 1 000
2015
2014
Balance at 1 January
2 386 449
1 828 917
Acquisitions
75 126
65 450
Acquisitions through improvements
140 436
325 159
Disposals
- 556 228
- 2 435
Net change in value of investment property
190 117
169 358
Carrying amount at 31 December
2 235 900
2 386 449
     
Income from investment property
   
NOK 1 000
2015
2014
Rental income from properties
85 858
73 612
Costs directly attributable to properties
- 12 545
- 11 226
Net change in value of investment property
190 117
169 358
Total
263 430
231 744
     
Calculation of fair value of investment property
   
The investment properties are measured at fair value. Fair value is the amount for which an asset can be traded in a transaction between well-informed, voluntary parties. Market prices are considered when determining the market rent and required rate of return.
     
All of the Group's investment properties are measured yearly based on cash flow models. Future cash flows are calculated for signed contracts, as well as future cash flows based on expected market prices. No external valuations have been obtained. Note 2 gives a detailed description of the parameters used to calculate the fair value.
NOTE 9
INCOME TAXES
     
Specification of income tax expenses
   
NOK 1 000
2015
2014
     
Tax payable of net profit
   
Income tax payable for the year
269 023
295 622
Adjustments of prior periods
25 556
13 422
Total tax payable
294 579
309 444
     
Deferred tax expense
   
Change in deferred tax recognised in the income statement
106 459
124 748
Effects of changes in tax rates and prior years' taxes
- 82 748
29 785
Total deferred tax
23 711
154 533
     
Income tax expense
318 290
463 577
     
Tax payable in the balance sheet
   
NOK 1 000
2015
2014
Tax payable of the year
269 023
295 622
Tax liability from prior years
132 078
37 917
Advance tax paid
- 246 745
- 61 546
Translation differences
- 10 604
5 397
Tax payable
143 752
277 390
     
Reconciliation of nominal to effective tax rate
NOK 1 000
2015
2014
Profit before tax
1 627 409
1 328 315
Estimated income tax expense at nominal tax rate (27%)
439 400
358 645
Losses and other deductions without any net tax effect
17 754
- 567
Non-taxable net income (-) / costs (+) from securities
- 285 351
160 951
Other non-taxable income
- 8 768
- 19 605
Write-down of goodwill
54 000
 
Adjustments for prior periods
- 57 192
43 207
Tax effect of other permanent differences
158 446
- 82 330
Income tax expense
318 290
460 301
     
Effective tax rate
19,6 %
34,7 %
     
Tax recognised directly in equity
   
NOK 1 000
2015
2014
Actuarial loss on pension obligations (note 19)
988
2 098
Cash flow hedges (note 28)
- 21 497
7 284
Total tax recognised in total comprehensive income
- 20 509
9 382
     
Deferred tax asset and deferred tax liability
   
NOK 1 000
2015
2014
Inventories
10 971
- 8 482
Receivables
7 202
8 479
Stocks and bonds
- 400 934
- 359 482
Other differences
34 925
26 314
Tangible assets
- 2 446
- 112 932
Investment properties
- 177 712
- 51 402
Intangible assets
- 151 087
- 273 348
Net pensions
49 554
53 938
Tax losses to carry forward
329 854
389 980
Total
- 299 673
- 326 935
Reassessment of deferred tax assets
- 289 722
- 271 211
Net carrying value at 31 December of deferred tax assets (+)/liabilities (-)
- 589 395
- 598 146
     
Deferred tax assets recognised in balance sheet
257 916
195 585
Deferred tax liabilities recognised in balance sheet
- 847 312
- 793 731
Net carrying value at 31 December of deferred tax assets (+)/liabilities (-)
- 589 395
- 598 146
     
Deferred tax assets are reviewed on each balance sheet date, and is reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow for the deferred tax asset to be utilised.
     
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period when the liability shall be settled or the asset be realised, based on tax rates and legislation prevailing at the balance sheet date.
     
Gross tax losses to carry forward with expiration years
   
NOK 1 000
 
2015
2015
 
10
2016
   
2017
 
1 517
After 2017
 
305 615
Without expiration
 
873 247
Total tax losses to carry forward
 
1 180 390
     
Change in net deferred tax in balance sheet
   
NOK 1 000
2015
2014
Net carrying value at 1 January
- 598 146
- 229 086
Translation differences
49 720
- 40 938
Acquisition and disposal of subsidiary
3 251
- 156 535
Recognised in income statement during the period
- 23 711
- 180 969
Tax recognised in other comprehensive income
- 20 509
9 382
Net carrying value at 31 December
- 589 396
- 598 146
     
*As a consequence of changed legislation for carried interest in PE funds, Ferd's tax basis from such investments is changed. Ferd made a settlement with the authorities on 8 April 2016 and won the case in the question of deductability for carried interest for the income year 2013. We therefore maintain the balance sheet recording of deferred tax assets related to the deduction for carried interest for 2013 and 2014. As previous years were not part of the settlement and the issue not yet clarified on that point, we cannot recognise deferred tax assets related to these years before Ferd has received a final decision from the tax authorities.
NOTE 10
GEOGRAPHICAL ALLOCATION OF REVENUE
     
     
NOK 1 000
2015
2014
Norway
4 765 154
4 550 952
Germany
1 403 585
1 167 291
Sweden
602 699
517 181
USA
832 234
549 501
Netherlands
532 035
540 645
Russia
557 618
488 551
Canada
466 838
455 394
Denmark
492 537
413 059
Great Britain
358 469
383 705
Spain
331 123
284 621
Austria
302 658
277 656
Finland
234 245
210 081
France
183 615
190 644
Rest of the world
1 849 887
1 823 522
Total revenue
12 912 698
11 852 804
     
Sales revenues are allocated on the basis of where the customers live.
NOTE 11
SALARIES
                 
NOK 1 000
     
2015
2014
     
Salaries
     
2 071 192
1 869 789
     
Social security tax
     
277 064
315 867
     
Pension costs (note 19)
     
133 203
71 397
     
Other benefits
     
88 299
44 924
     
Total
     
2 569 759
2 301 977
     
                 
Average number of man-labour years
     
4 497
4 427
     
                 
Salary and remuneration to Group management
 
2015
2014
NOK 1 000
Salary
Bonus
Benefits in kind
Pension
Salary
Bonus
Benefits in kind
Pension
Group CEO, John Giverholt
3 416
433
307
1 115
3 300
3 276
186
1 062
Other members of Group management
4 709
1 642
545
812
4 550
7 627
501
1 038
Total
8 125
2 075
852
1 927
7 850
10 904
688
2 100
                 
The Group CEO's bonus scheme is limited to MNOK 6,0. Bonus is based on the results achieved in the Group.
                 
The Group CEO participates in Ferd's collective pension schemes for salaries below 12 G. This is a contribution scheme (cf. also note 19). The Group CEO also has a benefit scheme for a pension basis higher than 12 G, but with an upper limit of appr. MNOK 2,2, together with an early retirement pension scheme giving him the opportunity to retire at 65 years.
                 
The Group CEO is entitled to 9 months' severance pay if he has to resign from his position.
                 
Fees to the Board
               
No specific fees have been paid for board positions in Ferd AS.
NOTE 12
INTANGIBLE ASSETS
     
                   
NOK 1 000
       
2015
2014
     
Goodwill (note 13)
1 941 079
2 717 241
     
Other intangible assets
1 212 640
1 400 714
     
Carrying amount at 31 December
3 153 719
4 117 955
     
                   
2015
                 
NOK 1 000
Software
Brands
Patents and rights
Capitalised development costs
Customer relations
Total
     
                   
Cost at 1 January
355 620
165 688
694 894
309 593
856 184
2 381 979
     
Additions on acquisitions
         
 
     
Ordinary additions
50 264
600
7 524
100 340
 
158 728
     
Disposals
- 1 719
   
- 9 430
 
- 11 149
     
Transfers between asset groups
   
- 3 120
3 120
 
 
     
Reclassified to assets held for sale
- 41 496
- 80 400
- 21 479
 
- 134 800
- 278 174
     
Exchange differences
23 368
 
12 615
13 685
 
49 668
     
Cost at 31 December
386 038
85 888
690 434
417 308
721 384
2 301 052
     
                   
Acc. amortisation and impairment at 1 January
305 016
14 740
364 603
43 642
253 264
981 265
     
Additions of amortisations at acquisitions
         
 
     
Current year amortisation charge
24 542
4 020
49 654
33 312
84 783
196 311
     
Disposals
- 1 239
 
 
- 3 764
 
- 5 003
     
Reclassified to assets held for sale
- 33 532
- 18 760
- 14 097
 
- 59 003
- 125 393
     
Exchange differences
22 472
 
16 642
2 118
 
41 232
     
Accumulated amortisation at 31 December
317 259
 
416 803
75 307
279 043
1 088 412
     
Accumulated impairment at 31 December
3 918
 
1 000
   
4 918
     
           
 
     
Carrying amount at 31 December
68 779
85 888
273 631
342 001
442 341
1 212 640
     
                   
Economic life
3-5 years
> 20 years to indefinite
3-10 years
10 years
10-15 years
       
                   
Amortisation method
Straight-line
Straight-line
Straight-line
Straight-line
Straight-line
       
                   
2014
                 
NOK 1 000
Software
Brands
Patents and rights
Capitalised development costs
Customer relations
Total
     
                   
Cost at 1 January
365 967
165 438
252 896
167 193
555 962
1 507 456
     
Additions on acquisitions
1 752
 
358 870
52 041
300 222
712 885
     
Ordinary additions
23 526
250
65 065
79 359
 
168 200
     
Disposals
- 62 749
       
- 62 749
     
Exchange differences
27 124
 
18 063
11 000
 
56 187
     
Cost at 31 December
355 620
165 688
694 894
309 593
856 184
2 381 979
     
                   
Acc. amortisation and impairment at 1 January
310 870
10 720
240 704
3 877
118 260
684 431
     
Additions of amortisations at acquisitions
1 765
 
57 175
15 958
50 222
125 120
     
Current year amortisation charge
26 318
4 020
50 734
22 974
84 782
188 828
     
Disposals
- 62 749
       
- 62 749
     
Exchange differences
28 812
 
15 990
833
 
45 635
     
Accumulated amortisation at 31 December
305 016
14 740
364 603
43 642
253 264
981 265
     
Accumulated impairment at 31 December
         
 
     
           
 
     
Carrying amount at 31 December
50 604
150 948
330 291
265 951
602 920
1 400 714
   
 
                   
Economic life
3-5 years
> 20 years to indefinite
3-10 years
10 years
10-15 years
       
                   
Amortisation method
Straight-line
Straight-line
Straight-line
Straight-line
Straight-line
       
                   
Research and development
                 
Costs expensed to research and development in fiscal year 2015 totalled MNOK 97. The corresponding cost for 2014 was MNOK 149.
     
NOTE 13
GOODWILL AND INFORMATION ON BUSINESS COMBINATIONS
                 
Pursuant to IFRS 3 Business combinations, the net assets of acquired companies have been assessed at fair value at the acquisition date. The remaining part of the consideration after allocating the consideration to identifiable assets and liabilities, is recognised as goodwill. The tables below show the values and movements in the the various goodwill items in the Group.
                 
2015
               
NOK 1 000
   
Interwell
Servi
Elopak Europa
Seco Invest (Tele-Computing)
Other
Total
Cost at 1 January
 
 
1 212 016
386 289
541 404
612 607
20 905
2 773 221
Additions
     
2 000
 
6 327
 
8 327
Disposals
             
 
Reclassified to assets held for sale
         
- 618 934
 
- 618 934
Exchange differences
       
38 060
 
11
38 071
Cost at 31 December
 
 
1 212 016
388 289
579 464
 
20 916
2 200 685
               
 
Accumulated impairment at 1 January
 
 
 
 
55 980
 
 
55 980
Write-downs
     
200 000
     
200 000
Disposals
             
 
Exchange differences
       
3 626
   
3 626
Accumulated impairment at 31 December
 
 
 
200 000
59 606
 
 
259 606
                 
Carrying amount at 31 December
 
 
1 212 016
188 289
519 858
 
20 916
1 941 079
                 
Changes in 2015
               
There were no significant additions of goodwill in2015. Goodwill related to TeleComputing has been reclassified to assets held for sale as a consequence of the coming sale of the business.
                 
Ferd has decided to write down goodwill related to Servi by MNOK 200, recognised as depreciation and write-down in other comprehensive income. The reason for the write-down is the negative development in the oil price and the resulting market challenges for Servi.
                 
2014
               
NOK 1 000
   
Interwell
Servi
Elopak Europa
Seco Invest (Tele-Computing)
Other
Total
Cost at 1 January
 
 
 
386 289
508 398
593 969
16 680
1 505 336
Additions
   
1 212 016
   
18 638
4 330
1 234 984
Disposals
           
- 105
- 105
Exchange differences
       
33 006
   
33 006
Cost at 31 December
   
1 212 016
386 289
541 404
612 607
20 905
2 773 221
                 
Accumulated impairment at 1 January
 
 
 
 
52 047
 
 
52 047
Additions
             
 
Write-downs
             
 
Disposals
       
3 933
   
3 933
Exchange differences
 
 
 
 
55 980
 
 
55 980
Accumulated impairment at 31 December
               
     
1 212 016
386 289
485 424
612 607
20 905
2 717 241
Carrying amount at 31 December
               
Changes in 2014
               
In 2014, Ferd increase its stake from 34 % to 58 % in Interwell and thereby achieved control over the company. The acquisition was made with accounting effect from 1 January 2014. The purchase has increased Ferd's patents and rights by MNOK 298 (note 7), capitalised development costs by MNOK 36, customer relations by MNOK 250, in addition to a goodwill of appr. MNOK 1212. The goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes. The cost for the shares in Interwell AS constitutes appr. MNOK 895, of which MNOK 496 were paid cash in 2014 and MNOK 399 were the value of the shares before the acquisition. Before the purchase, the shares in Interwell were measured at fair value with value changes over profit and loss. MNOK 601 in non-controlling interest at the acquisition date have been recognised, calculated as their proportionate share of the enterprise's identifiable net assets. Interwell's impact on Ferd's consolidated financial statments amounted to MNOK 856 in operating income and MNOK 315 in EBITDA in 2014.
                 
Impairment testing for goodwill
               
Goodwill is allocated to the Group's cash generating units, and is tested for impairment annually or more frequently if there are indications of impairment. Testing for impairment implies determining the recoverable amount of the cash generating unit. The recoverable amount is determined by discounting future expected cash flows, based on the cash generating unit's business plans. The discount rate applied to the future cash flows is based on the Group's weighted average cost of capital (WACC), adjusted to the market's appreciation of the risk factors for each cash generating unit. Growth rates are used to project cash flows beyond the periods covered by the business plans.
                 
Cash generating units
           
The goodwill items specified above relate to Ferd Capital's investments in the group companies Elopak, TeleComputing, Interwell, Servi, in addition to some minor goodwill items in the sub-groups Swix and Mestergruppen.
                 
Goodwill concerning Elopak is allocated to the cash generating unit Europa, which consists of Elopak's European markets, including the in-house production and supply organisation. This goodwill has a carrying value of MNOK 520 at 31 December 2015. The rationale for determining Europe as one cash-generating unit is the dynamics of this market. The trend is that customers are merging, and have easy access to the supplies all over Europe. Elopak adapts to its customers by distributing the production of cartons for the various markets according to the optimal production efficiency in Europe. The historical geographical criteria for production and demands from customers are no longer as important. As a consequence of this development, the split of margins along Elopak's value chain will be subject to change from one year to another. Hence, one European business unit will be the best indicator for assessing any impairment of goodwill.
 
Goodwill related to TeleComputing concerns TeleComputing's operations in Norway and Sweden. The goodwill has a carrying amount of MNOK 618 as at 31 December 2015. For impairment purposes, TeleComputing is considered to be one cash generating unit due to similar activities and the synergy effects achieved acrosss the companies under Seco Invest AS. TeleComputing was sold in 2016 and therefore reclassified to assets held for sale as at 31 December 2015.
 
Goodwill identified at the acquisition of Servi is allocated to Servi in total as the cash generating unit. This is a consequence of Servi's co-ordinated and well integrated activities. The carrying value at 31 December 2015 is MNOK 188 following a write-down of MNOK 200 (cf. above for details).
 
The acquisition of Interwell in 2014 has implied a recognition of goodwill of MNOK 345 for Ferd. This goodwill is allocated to the whole of Interwell as one joint cash-generating unit, which is the level on which Ferd is following up Interwell. In the Interwell group, however, there are an additional MNOK 867 in goodwill from acquisitions carried out by Interwell. This goodwill is allocated to two separate cash-generating units, Interwell Norge and Interwell Technology, as these business areas generate ingoing cash-flows separately.
                 
Impairment testing and assumptions
The recoverable amount for the cash generating unit is calculated on the basis of the present value of expected cash flows. The cash flows are based on assumptions about future sales volumes, selling prices and direct costs. The background for these assumptions is historical experience from the market, adopted budgets and the Group's expectations of market changes. Having carried out impairment testing, the Group does not expect significant changes in current trade. This implies that expected future cash flows mainly are a continuation of observed trends.
                 
Determined cash flows are discounted at a discount interest rate. The rate applied and other assumptions are shown below.
 
For Servi, the calculated recoverable amount indicates a write-down of MNOK 200. The recoverable amount is the company's value in use based on estimated cash-flows discounted at the company's required rate of return (cf. the table below for applied assumptions).
For the other cash-generating units, the calculated recoverable amount in the impairment tests are positive, and based on these tests, the conclusions are that there is no impairment requiring write-downs in 2015. The uncertainty connected with the assumptions on which the impairment testing is based is illustrated by sensitivity analyses. The conclusions are tested for changes in discount and growth rates. The sensitivity analyses indicate that a large gap is required before there can be any question of impairment.
 
Detailed description of the assumptions applied:
                 
 
Discount rate after tax (WACC)
Discount rate before tax
Growth rate 2-5 years
Long-term growth rate
 
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
Elopak Europa
3,9 %
4,0 %
5,5 %
5,7 %
2,0 %
2,0 %
0,0 %
0,0 %
Seco Invest
4,0 %
4,4 %
5,4 %
5,9 %
8,0 %
8,0 %
0,0 %
0,0 %
Servi
   
10,0 %
5,9 %
5,0 %
3,5 %
2,5 %
2,5 %
Interwell Norge
9,0 %
10,0 %
   
5,0 %
5,0 %
2,0 %
2,0 %
Interwell Technology
9,0 %
10,0 %
   
10,0 %
25,0 %
2,0 %
2,0 %
                 
The discount rate reflects the market's assessment of the risk specific to the cash generating unit. The rate is based on the weighted average cost of capital for the industry. This rate has been further adjusted to reflect the specific risk factors related to the cash generating unit, which has not been reflected in the cash flows. As Elopak's functional currency is euro, the basis has also been a euro interest significantly lower than NOK interest rates.
 
The average growth rate in the period 2 to 5 years is based on Ferd's expectations for the development in the market in which the business operates. Ferd uses a stable growth rate to extrapolate the cash flows beyond 5 years.
 
EBITDA represents operating profit before depreciation and is based on the expected future market development. Committed operating efficiency improvement measures are taken into account. Changes in the outcomes for these initiatives may influence future estimated EBITDA.
 
Investment costs necessary to meet expected future growth are taken into account. Based on management's assessment, the estimated investment costs do not include investments that improve the current assets' performance. The related cash flows are treated correspondingly.
NOTE 14
TANGIBLE ASSETS
         
2015
       
NOK 1 000
Buildings and land
Machines and installations
Fixtures and equipment
Total
Cost at 1 January
810 082
5 284 366
329 163
6 423 611
Additions on acquisitions
57 928
   
57 928
Ordinary additions
1 800
479 366
46 068
527 234
Disposals
- 233 609
- 254 535
- 25 159
- 513 303
Transfer between asset groups
4 497
- 12 437
7 940
 
Reclassification to assets held for sale
 
- 515 621
- 17 257
- 532 877
Exchange differences
42 933
258 680
19 699
321 312
Cost at 31 December
683 631
5 239 820
360 454
6 283 905
         
Accumulated depreciation and impairment at 1 January
339 122
3 400 030
247 833
3 986 985
Accumulated depreciation on acquisitions
   
- 180
- 180
Depreciation of the year
25 592
433 785
31 500
490 876
Impairment of the year
 
1 130
222
1 352
Derecognised depreciation
- 13 453
- 218 875
- 14 565
- 246 893
Transfer between asset groups
 
1 246
- 1 246
 
Reclassification to assets held for sale
 
- 347 542
- 10 485
- 358 027
Exchange differences
23 564
204 522
6 345
234 432
Accumulated depreciation at 31 December
374 825
3 474 295
259 425
4 108 545
Accumulated impairment at 31 December
2 788
50 230
318
53 336
         
Carrying amount at 31 December
308 806
1 765 524
101 029
2 175 360
         
Estimated economic life of depreciable assets
5-50 år
5-15 år
3-13 år
 
Depreciation plan
Straight-line
Straight-line
Straight-line
 
Land is not depreciated
       
         
2014
       
NOK 1 000
Buildings and land
Machines and installations
Fixtures and equipment
Total
Cost at 1 January
652 461
4 503 762
279 758
5 435 981
Additions on acquisitions
 
429 621
44 396
474 017
Ordinary additions
136 057
574 131
35 390
745 578
Disposals
- 14 109
- 456 848
- 38 964
- 509 921
Exchange differences
35 673
233 700
8 583
277 956
Cost at 31 December
810 082
5 284 366
329 163
6 423 611
         
Accumulated depreciation and impairment at 1 January
302 377
2 990 885
227 651
3 520 913
Accumulated depreciation on acquisitions
 
192 060
16 357
208 417
Depreciation of the year
21 880
399 897
28 369
450 146
Impairment of the year
 
6 924
 
6 924
Derecognised depreciation
- 4 693
- 391 402
- 34 488
- 430 583
Exchange differences
19 558
201 666
9 944
231 168
Accumulated depreciation at 31 December
339 122
3 400 030
247 833
3 986 985
Accumulated impairment at 31 December
2 788
46 975
279
50 042
         
Carrying amount at 31 December
470 960
1 884 336
81 330
2 436 626
         
Estimated economic life of depreciable assets
5-50 years
5-15 years
3-13 years
 
Depreciation plan
Straight-line
Straight-line
Straight-line
 
Land is not depreciated
       
NOTE 15
OTHER OPERATING EXPENSES
     
NOK 1 000
2015
2014
Sales and administration costs
214 600
212 231
Lease of buildings etc.
245 856
207 318
Fees to auditors, lawyers, consultants
174 774
153 482
Travel expenses
186 215
173 887
Loss and change in write-downs of trade receivables
14 842
60 407
Other expenses
387 351
382 253
Total
1 223 637
1 189 578
NOTE 16
EXPENSED AUDIT FEES
           
Ernst & Young AS is Ferd's Group auditor. Some Group companies are audited by other audit firms.
 
           
NOK 1 000
Audit fees
Other attestation services
Tax services
Other non-audit services
Total
2015
         
Ernst & Young
12 125
434
5 770
7 302
25 631
Others
2 704
760
2 379
3 812
9 655
Total
14 829
1 194
8 150
11 114
35 287
           
2014
         
Ernst & Young
11 313
176
5 649
1 986
19 123
Others
2 450
9
970
2 064
5 494
Total
13 763
185
6 619
4 050
24 617
           
Other non-audit services mainly concern due diligence services.
           
All amounts are exclusive of VAT.
NOTE 17
INVESTMENTS ACCOUNTED FOR BY THE EQUITY METHOD
               
Investments in associates and joint ventures are in Ferd's consolidated accounts accounted for by the equity method.
               
A specification of companies and shares is given in the statement of investments in associates and joint ventures in note 15.
               
2015
             
NOK 1 000
   
Al-Obeikan Elopak factory for Packaging Co
Lala Elopak S.A. de C.V.
Tiedemanns-byen DA
Others
Total
Ownership and voting share
   
49%
49%
50%
   
               
Cost at 1 January
   
58 325
165 051
106 768
81 585
411 729
Share of result at 1 January
   
92 990
134 025
20 158
7 040
254 213
Accumulated impairment of goodwill at 1 January
   
- 12 600
 
 
- 1 941
- 14 541
Transfer from the company
   
- 37 063
- 114 006
- 12 765
- 5 865
- 169 699
Recognised directly in equity
   
- 3 550
     
- 3 550
Exchange differences/eliminations
   
- 13 358
- 15 213
 
- 7 331
- 35 902
Carrying amount at 1 January
   
84 744
169 857
114 161
73 488
442 250
               
Additions of the year
         
33 890
33 890
Disposals of the year
         
- 461
- 461
Sales during the year
           
 
Share of the result of the year
   
9 791
23 628
- 2 894
2 305
32 830
Write-down of goodwill
           
 
Transfers from the company
   
- 19 893
- 14 042
 
 
- 33 934
Recognised directly in equity
         
 
 
Exchange differences/eliminations
   
15 747
257
 
4 055
20 059
Carrying amount at 31 December
   
90 390
179 700
111 267
113 278
494 635
               
 
     
 
 
     
2014
             
NOK 1 000
Al-Obeikan Elopak factory for Packaging Co
Lala Elopak S.A. de C.V.
Tiedemanns-byen DA
Harbert European Real Estate Fund II
Harbert European Real Estate Fund III
Others
Total
Ownership and voting share
49%
49%
50%
26%
22%
   
               
Cost at 1 January
58 325
165 051
106 768
112 002
95 974
106 046
644 165
Share of result at 1 January
82 874
117 986
23 002
82 977
22 236
- 17
329 058
Accumulated impairment of goodwill at 1 January
- 12 600
 
 
 
 
- 1 582
- 14 182
Transfer from the company
- 29 879
- 98 878
- 12 765
- 63 826
- 23 517
- 5 865
- 234 730
Exchange differences/eliminations
- 29 799
- 28 034
 
- 3 053
- 293
- 15 966
- 77 145
Carrying amount at 1 January
68 921
156 125
117 005
128 100
94 400
82 616
647 167
               
Additions of the year
         
9 370
9 370
Disposals of the year
     
- 131 153
- 94 693
- 20 212
- 246 058
Sales during the year
         
- 13 619
- 13 619
Share of the result of the year
10 116
16 039
- 2 844
   
7 057
30 367
Write-down of goodwill
         
- 359
- 359
Transfers from the company
- 7 184
- 15 128
     
 
- 22 312
Recognised directly in equity
- 3 550
       
 
- 3 550
Exchange differences/eliminations
16 441
12 821
 
3 053
293
8 635
41 244
Carrying amount at 31 December
84 744
169 857
114 161
 
 
73 488
442 250
               
The table below shows a summary of financial information related to Ferd's largest investments in associates and joint ventures on a 100 percent basis. The stated figures represent fiscal year 2015. The figures are unaudited.
 
               
NOK 1 000
Al-Obeikan Elopak factory for Packaging Co
Lala Elopak S.A. de C.V.
Tiedemanns-byen DA
       
Operating revenue
216 573
310 540
19
       
Profit after tax and minority
11 931
23 869
- 4 729
       
Total assets
175 514
239 566
701 590
       
Total liabilities
102 579
90 940
477 998
       
               
- Al-Obeikan Elopak is a cardboard manufacturer with a plant in Saudi Arabia selling cardboard to customers in the Middle East and North Africa.
- Lala Elopak is a cardboard manufacturer with a plant in Mexico selling cardboard to the market in North and Sourth America.
- Tiedemannsbyen DA is owned by Ferd and Skanska engaged in developing residential housing on the old manufacturing site of Tiedemann's tobacco plant on Ensjø.
               
Stake, transactions and balances with enterprises accounted for by the equity method:
 
Stake/voting share
Sales from associates companies and joint ventures to Ferd
Ferd's net receivables/(payables) to associated companies and joint ventures
Ferd's guarantees for associated companies and joint ventures
NOK 1 000
2015
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
Al-Obeikan Elopak factory for Packaging Co
49,0 %
   
9 910
4 068
201 797
140 346
Boreal GmbH
20,0 %
       
 
 
Elocap Ltd.
50,0 %
 
8 587
       
Frogn Næringspark AS
50,0 %
   
- 16 625
     
Hafrsby AS
14,5 %
           
Hunstad Sør Tomteselskap AS
31,6 %
     
10 712
 
 
Impresora Del Yaque
51,0 %
 
23 607
807
1 368
   
Kråkeland Hytteservice AS
33,5 %
       
 
 
Lala Elopak S.A. de C.V.
49,0 %
120 140
15 044
- 6 011
1 701
 
 
Lofoten Tomteselskap AS
35,0 %
     
1 610
 
 
Madla Byutvikling AS
33,3 %
       
 
 
Sanderveien 18 AS
50,0 %
   
5 207
     
Siriskjær AS
50,0 %
     
59
   
Solheim Utbyggingsselskap AS
33,3 %
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sporafjell Utviklingsselskap AS
50,0 %
     
5 262
   
Tastarustå Byutvikling AS
33,3 %
 
 
 
 
 
 
Tiedemannsbyen DA
50,0 %
 
1 375
 
4 172
 
 
Total
 
120 140
48 613
- 6 713
28 952
201 797
140 346
NOTE 18
SPECIFICATION OF FINANCE INCOME AND EXPENSE
     
Finance income
   
NOK 1 000
2015
2014
Interest income from bank deposits
32 213
44 762
Interest income from related parties
23 814
21 596
Other interest income
9 454
7 440
Foreign exchange gain and other finance income
191 997
422 537
Total
257 478
496 336
     
Finance expense
   
NOK 1 000
2015
2014
Interest expense to finance institutions
142 333
150 966
Interest expense to related parties
18 000
26 158
Other interest expense
39 378
48 748
Foreign exchange loss and other finance expenses
772 871
289 029
Total
972 582
514 901
     
Neither of these finance items results form financial instruments measured at fair value.
NOTE 19
PENSION COSTS AND LIABILITIES
       
THE GROUP'S PENSION PLANS
Ferd has established pension schemes in accordance with Norwegian legislation. The employees participate in defined benefit and defined contribution plans complying with the requirements of the mandatory occupational pension.
       
DEFINED BENEFIT PLANS
Defined benefit plans provide employees with the right to defined future pension benefits. The Group's net obligation in respect of defined benefit pension plans is calculated separately for each pension plan. The obligation is an estimate of future benefits that employees have earned based on years of service and salary at retirement. Benefits are discounted to present value, and the recognised obligation is reduced by the fair value of plan assets for funded pension schemes. Changes in assumptions, staff numbers and variances between estimated and actual salary increases and return on assets result in actuarial gains and losses. Actuarial gains and losses and gains and losses resulting from a curtailment or termination of pension plans are recognised immediately in the income statement.
       
The defined benefit pension plans consist of group schemes as well as some additional arrangements, including employees with a retirement basis over 12 G, and AFP.
       
Defined contribution plans
For defined contribution plans, the Group's obligations are limited to making specific contributions. Payments to defined contribution pension plans are recognised as expenses in the income statement when the employees have rendered services entitling them to the contribution.
       
Other service related long-term benefits
In addition to the pension schemes described above, Ferd has obligations related to future health services for some groups of employees in the USA.
       
ECONOMIC ASSUMPTIONS
Ferd has defined benefit plans in several countries with varying economic conditions affecting the assumptions that are the basis for calculating pension obligations. The parameters are adapted to conditions in each country. The discount rate is determined as a weighted average of the yields at the reporting date on at least AA rated corporate bonds, or government bonds in cases where there is no market for AA rated corporate bonds. The government bond interest rate is applied for Norwegian schemes. To the extent that the bond does not have the same maturity as the obligation, the discount rate is adjusted. Actuarial assumptions for demographic factors and retirement are based on generally accepted principles in the insurance business. Future mortality rates are based on statistics and mortality tables (K2013).
       
Economic assumptions in Norwegian companies at 31 December
     
   
2015
2014
Discount rate
 
1,90%
2,70%
Expected wage growth
 
2,50%
3,25%
Future expected pension regulation
 
1,75%
1,75%
Expected regulation of base amount (G)
 
2,25%
3,00%
       
Interval for economic assumptions in foreign companies at 31 December
   
2015
2014
Discount rate
 
0.75 - 4.08 %
1.10 - 4.52 %
Expected wage growth
 
0.00 - 1.00 %
0.00 - 3.75 %
Future expected pension regulation
 
0.00 - 1.75 %
0.00 - 1.75 %
       
PENSION OBLIGATIONS
     
Reconciliation of net liability against balance sheet
     
NOK 1 000
 
2015
2014
Pension liabilities for defined benefit pension plans
 
- 193 138
- 169 417
Pension assets for defined benefit pension plans
 
25 370
17 391
Total defined benefit obligation recognised in the Group's balance sheet
 
- 167 768
- 152 026
       
DEFINED BENEFIT PLANS
     
Specification of recognised liability
     
NOK 1 000
 
2015
2014
Present value of unfunded pension liabilities
 
- 63 867
- 56 988
Present value of wholly or partly funded obligations
 
- 599 766
- 556 128
Total present value of defined benefit obligations
 
- 663 634
- 613 116
Fair value of pension assets
 
495 865
461 090
Total defined benefit obligation recognised in the Group's balance sheet
 
- 167 768
- 152 026
       
Movements in liabilities for defined benefit pension plans
     
NOK 1 000
 
2015
2014
Liability for defined benefit pension plans at 1 January
 
613 116
669 253
Present value of current service cost
 
10 533
17 655
Interest expenses on the pension liability
 
18 435
17 359
Demographic estimate deviation on the pension liability
 
- 17 783
3 214
Financial estimate deviation on the pension liability
 
5 626
70 510
Settlement of pension plans
 
- 6
- 200 726
Curtailment of pension plans
   
- 15 612
Change in liability due to acquisition/sale of subsidiaries
   
9 167
Benefits paid
 
- 43 452
- 22 416
Social security tax
 
- 396
73
Exchange differences on foreign plans
 
77 894
64 639
Liability for defined benefit pension plans at 31 December
 
663 967
613 116
       
Expected payments of defined pension liabilities
     
NOK 1 000
   
2015
Defined benefit pension expected to fall due year 1-5
   
209 334
Defined benefit pension expected to fall due year 6-10
   
207 846
Defined benefit pension expected to fall due year 11-20
   
235 890
Defined benefit pension expected to fall due year 21-30
   
10 898
Total benefit pension due
   
663 967
       
Movement in fair value of pension assets for defined benefit pension plans
     
NOK 1 000
 
2015
2014
Fair value of pension assets at 1 January
 
461 090
532 085
Expected return from pension assets
 
13 584
13 317
Financial estimate deviation on the pension assets
 
- 8 891
19 034
Contributions from employer
 
12 363
10 285
Administration expenses
 
- 1 270
- 1 604
Contributions from employees
 
1 699
1 320
Increase in pension funds due to the acquisition of subsidiaries
   
8 297
Settlements
 
- 2 829
- 154 268
Benefits paid
 
- 39 369
- 18 535
Exchange difference on foreign plans
 
59 489
51 159
Fair value of pension assets at 31 December
 
495 865
461 090
       
Pension assets include the following
     
NOK 1 000
Of which active market:
2015
2014
Equity instruments
118 894
120 613
96 343
Government stock
298 102
351 254
271 396
Corporate stock
5 257
6 475
58 276
Other debt instruments, including structured debt
358
441
4 279
Property investments
1 333
11 328
24 102
Bank deposits
538
2 093
1 602
Other assets
2 099
3 661
5 092
Total pension funds
426 581
495 865
461 090
       
Actuarial deviations recognised in othercomprehensive income
     
NOK 1 000
 
2015
2014
Current year actuarial deviation on pension liabilities (defined benefit schemes)
 
12 157
- 73 724
Current year actuarial deviation on pension funds (defined benefit schemes)
 
- 8 891
19 034
Tax effect (note 9)
 
- 988
2 098
Net actuarial deviation on defined benefit schemes
 
2 278
- 52 592
       
PENSION COSTS
     
NOK 1 000
 
2015
2014
Defined benefit plans
 
17 893
- 28 071
Defined contribution plans
 
115 310
131 120
Total pension costs recognised in current year payroll costs
 
133 203
103 049
       
DEFINED BENEFIT PLAN PENSION COSTS
     
Pension costs recognised in income statement
     
NOK 1 000
 
2015
2014
Present value of this year's pension earned
 
10 533
17 655
Contribution from employees
 
- 1 699
- 1 320
Curtailment of pension schemes and plan changes
 
8 185
- 46 083
Social security tax
 
- 396
73
Administration costs
 
1 270
1 604
Total pension costs from benefit schemes recognised in salary costs
 
17 893
- 28 071
       
Interest expense on the pension liability
 
18 435
17 359
Expected return on pension funds
 
- 13 584
- 13 317
Total pension costs from benefit schemes recognised in finance costs
 
4 850
4 042
NOTE 20
INVENTORIES
         
2015
       
NOK 1 000
Raw materials
Work in progress
Finished goods
Total
Cost at 31 December
472 241
1 018 493
1 299 888
2 790 621
Provision for obsolescence at 1 January
12 150
21 069
123 085
156 304
Write-down
6 358
34 026
9 802
50 186
Reversal of write-down
- 4 685
 
- 52 240
- 56 926
Currency translation
- 22
2 410
3 123
5 511
Provision for obsolescence at 31 December
13 801
57 505
83 770
155 076
Carrying value at 31 December
458 440
960 987
1 216 118
2 635 545
         
2014
       
NOK 1 000
Raw materials
Work in progress
Finished goods
Total
Cost at 31 December
421 481
858 501
1 257 741
2 537 723
Provision for obsolescence at 1 January
9 528
 
122 591
132 119
Additions from acquisition of subsidiary
5 313
   
5 313
Write-down
2 054
21 069
19 709
42 832
Reversal of write-down
- 4 997
 
- 25 628
- 30 625
Currency translation
252
 
6 413
6 665
Provision for obsolescence at 31 December
12 150
21 069
123 085
156 304
Carrying value at 31 December
409 331
837 432
1 134 656
2 381 419
NOTE 21
CURRENT ASSETS
     
NOK 1 000
2015
2014
Prepayments
106 207
114 737
VAT and tax receivables
156 783
116 382
Current interest-bearing receivables
 
1 098
Other current receivables
668 963
1 047 303
Reclassification to assets held for sale
- 21 897
 
Carrying amount at 31 December
910 056
1 279 520
     
NOK 1 000
2015
2014
Accounts receivable, gross
1 822 124
1 714 512
Write-down of receivables
- 105 705
- 41 013
Reclassification to assets held for sale
- 189 836
 
Carrying amount at 31 December
1 526 583
1 673 499
     
Total current receivables
2 436 638
2 953 019
     
Overdue accounts receivable by age
   
NOK 1 000
2015
2014
Up to 30 days
202 207
207 049
30-60 days
58 841
68 377
60-90 days
53 022
80 524
Over 90 days
106 288
77 167
Total
420 358
433 117
NOTE 22
SHARE CAPITAL AND SHAREHOLDER INFORMATION
 
       
The share capital of the Company consists of 183.267.630 shares at a nominal value of NOK 1.-.
 
       
Owner structure
     
       
The shareholder as at 31 December 2015 was:
     
 
Number of shares
Stake
 
Ferd Holding AS
183 267 630
100,00%
 
Total number os shares
183 267 630
100,00%
 
       
Ferd AS is a subsidiary of Ferd Holding AS, being a subsidiary of Ferd JHA AS. Ferd shares offices with its parent companies in Lysaker, Bærum. For the consolidated financial statements of Ferd JHA AS, please contact Ferd.
 
       
Shares indirectly owned by the CEO and board members in Ferd AS:
Position
Voting rights
Stake
Johan H. Andresen
Chair of the Board
69,94%
15,20%
       
Johan H. Andresen's children own 84,8 percent of Ferd AS indirectly by ownership of shares in Ferd Holding AS.
 
NOTE 23
NON-CONTROLLING INTERESTS
       
Subsidiary
Interwell AS
Mestergruppen AS
Totals
Business office
Stavanger
Oslo
 
Ferd's stake and voting share
58,1 %
94,5 %
 
Non-controlling share
41,9 %
5,5 %
 
       
NOK 1 000
     
Non-controlling interest 1 Jan. 2015
667 323
17 221
684 544
Dividends and capital changes
- 6 224
1 090
- 5 134
Transactions with non-controlling interests
- 316
- 390
- 706
Other comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interests
8 959
3 706
12 665
Non-controlling interest at 31 Dec. 2015
669 743
21 627
691 369
       
Summary of financial information from subsidiaries:
     
NOK 1 000
Interwell AS
Mestergruppen AS
 
Operating income
807 265
2 875 739
 
Operating profit
38 209
104 407
 
Profit after tax
16 239
71 684
 
Non-current assets
1 380 666
168 345
 
Current assets
448 654
796 325
 
Non-current liabilities
297 089
264 286
 
Current liabilities
129 384
383 287
 
NOTE 24
NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES
       
Long-term interest-bearing debt
     
NOK 1 000
Loan amount in currency 2015
Loan amount in NOK 2015
Loan amount in NOK 2014
NOK
1 881 064
1 881 064
1 876 019
USD
1 000
8 821
11 111
EUR
145 000
1 392 435
1 242 927
DKK
330 000
424 654
418 623
CAD
30 000
190 591
 
SEK
115 090
120 557
136 748
CHF
2 000
17 726
19 467
Carrying value of loan expenses
 
- 20 798
- 7 002
Carrying value at 31 December
 
4 015 050
3 697 893
       
Other long-term debt
 
147 187
294 103
Total non-current liabilities
 
4 162 236
3 991 996
       
Instalments determined in contracts
     
NOK 1 000
 
2015
 
2016
 
240 608
 
2017
 
170 255
 
2018
 
2 627 462
 
2019
 
228 794
 
2020 or later
 
915 916
 
Total
 
4 183 034
 
       
The first year's instalment of long-term debt is presented as part of the short-term interest-bearing debt.
NOTE 25
OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES
     
NOK 1 000
2015
2014
Trade payables
1 792 514
1 500 253
Public duties etc.
291 311
260 265
Other short-term debt
1 327 247
1 247 692
Reclassified to liabilities held for sale
- 381 323
 
Total
3 029 751
3 008 210
NOTE 26
ASSETS PLEDGED AS SECURITY, GUARANTEES AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES
     
Secured borrowings
   
NOK 1 000
2015
2014
Loan facilities
2 690 499
2 793 173
Factoring
76 824
24 525
Total
2 767 323
2 817 698
     
Loan facilities comprise various credit facilities in the Group, normally secured by receivables, inventories, tangible assets and investment property. Interest terms are floating interest rates.
     
Carrying amounts of pledged assets
   
NOK 1 000
2015
2014
Investment property
1 673 006
1 499 663
Other tangible assets
505 030
618 578
Inventories
1 214 351
876 988
Receivables
946 674
840 472
Other assets
136 111
 
Total
4 475 171
3 835 701
     
Maximum exposure to the above assets
4 475 171
3 835 701
     
Guarantees and off-balance sheet liabilities
   
NOK 1 000
2015
2014
Committed capital to fund investments
739 426
655 462
Committed equity contributions to company investments
343 500
397 614
Guarantees without security
997 844
939 783
Clauses on minimum purchases in agreements with suppliers
242 821
255 789
Other obligations 1)
526 349
130 285
Total
2 849 941
2 378 933
     
1) Other obligations mainly concern repurchase commitments on sales of machines and investment obligations relating to developing investment property and the building of manufacturing plants.
NOTE 27
RISK MANAGEMENT - OPERATIONS
           
Risk management relating to the investment activities of Ferd is described in note 6.
           
Currency risk
         
Contracted currency flows from operations are normally secured in their entirety, while projected cash flows are hedged to a certain extent. Interest payments related to the Group's foreign currency loans are mostly secured by corresponding cash flows from the Group's activities. Instruments such as currency forward contracts, currency swaps and options can be used to manage the Group's currency exposure.
           
Outstanding foreign exchange forward contracts related to operations:
 
   
Purchase of currency
Sale of currentcy
NOK 1 000
 
Currency
Amount
Currency
Amount
   
NOK
329 111
EUR
- 35 610
   
NOK
3 651
EUR
- 400
   
NOK
7 934
SEK
- 8 000
   
EUR
1 000
CAD
- 1 522
   
EUR
830
CHF
- 898
   
EUR
9 450
DKK
- 70 581
   
EUR
1 380
GBP
- 1 017
   
EUR
9 766
JPY
-1 307 924
   
EUR
6 770
SEK
- 62 419
   
EUR
4 920
USD
- 5 378
   
EUR
4 400
NOK
- 41 078
   
JPY
5 410 100
EUR
- 40 575
   
PLN
5 054
EUR
- 1 190
   
RUB
40 200
EUR
- 500
   
CAD
9 099
EUR
- 6 000
   
ILS
4 771
EUR
- 1 120
   
GBP
192
EUR
- 260
   
USD
18 050
NOK
- 148 638
   
USD
31 798
EUR
- 29 100
           
Appr. 15% of the foreign exchange forward contracts with the purchase of JPY /sale of EUR mature in 2017. All other foreign exchange forward contracs are due in the course of 2016.
           
Interest rate risk
         
The Group has short-term fixed interest rates on long-term funding in accordance with internal guidelines. This applies for loans in Norwegian kroner, as well as in foreign currency. The Group uses interest rate swaps to reduce interest rate exposure by switching from floating rates to fixed rates for a portion of the loans.
           
Outstanding interest rate swaps
         
NOK 1 000
Currency
Amount
Receives
Pays
Time remaining to maturity
 
DKK
50 000
6M CIBOR
Fixed 2.97%
1 year
 
EUR
110 000
3M EURIBOR
Fixed 0.28% - 2.88%
0.5 - 5.0 years
 
NOK
150 000
1,12%
Fixed 2.43%
0.5 year
           
The table includes derivatives for hedging.
         
           
Credit risk
         
Credit risk is the risk that a counterparty will default on his/her contractual obligations resulting in a financial loss to the Group. Ferd has adopted a policy implying that the Group shall be exposed only to credit-worthy counterparties, and independent credit analyses are obtained for all counterparties when such analyses are available. If not, the Group uses other publicly available financial information and its own trade to assess creditworthiness.
NOTE 28
HEDGE ACCOUNTING - OPERATIONS
                 
The hedging reserve comprises the effective portion of the cumulative net change in fair value of cash flow hedges related to hedged transactions that have not yet taken place. Movements in the hedging reserve are described in the table below.
 
2015
2014
NOK 1 000
Interest rate swaps
Currency futures
Commodity swaps
Total
Interest rate swaps
Currency futures
Commodity swaps
Total
Opening balance
- 21 834
- 30 132
- 11 700
- 63 666
- 7 728
- 25 002
- 2 997
- 35 726
Gain/loss on cash flow hedges
- 4 367
15 537
47 818
58 987
- 27 090
- 15 161
- 13 583
- 55 834
Income/expense recognised in the income statement
14 606
10 283
14 552
39 441
10 884
7 226
3 550
21 660
Currency translation
- 886
- 6 766
- 15 832
- 23 484
- 1 238
921
- 733
- 1 050
Deferred tax (note 9)
53
- 3 745
262
- 3 430
3 337
1 885
2 062
7 284
Effect of cash flow hedging in comprehensive income
9 405
15 309
46 800
71 514
- 14 106
- 5 130
- 8 703
- 27 940
Closing balance
- 12 429
- 14 823
35 100
7 848
- 21 834
- 30 132
- 11 700
- 63 666
Negative amounts represent a liability and a reduction in equity.
                 
Gain/loss transferred from other income and expenses in the income statement of the period is included in the following items in the income statement:
NOK 1 000
2015
2014
           
Commodity costs
- 15 528
- 6 307
           
Other operating expenses
- 9 308
- 5 947
           
Net finance result
- 14 606
- 9 406
           
Total
- 39 441
- 21 660
           
Negative amounts represent income.
NOTE 29
LIQUIDITY RISK
         
Liquidity risk - operations
Liquidity risk concerning operations relates primarily to the risk that Elopak, Seco (parent company of TeleComputing), Mestergruppen, Servi and Swix will not be able to service their financial obligations as they fall due. This risk is managed by maintaining adequate cash reserves and overdraft opportunities in banking and credit facilities, as well as continuously monitoring future and actual cash flows.
         
The following tables provide an overview of the Group's contractual maturities of financial liabilities. The tables are compiled based on the earliest date the Group can be required to pay.
         
31 Deember 2015
       
NOK 1 000
Less than 1 year
1-3 years
3-5 years
Total
Finance institutions
661 164
320 253
3 715 594
4 697 011
Accounts payable
1 764 385
   
1 764 385
Other non-current liabilities
 
86 776
60 410
147 186
Public taxes and other current liabilities
1 279 343
   
1 279 343
Total 1)
3 704 892
407 029
3 776 004
7 887 925
         
31 December 2014
       
NOK 1 000
Less than 1 year
1-3 years
3-5 years
Total
Finance institutions
1 331 032
324 828
2 359 894
4 015 754
Accounts payable
1 500 253
   
1 500 253
Other non-current liabilities
 
151 847
162 703
314 550
Public taxes and other current liabilities
1 247 394
   
1 247 394
Total 1)
4 078 679
476 675
2 522 597
7 077 951
1) The table does not include lease obligations, guarantees and off-balance sheet liabilities, cf. notes 26 and 30 respectively.
         
The table below shows the anticipated receipts and payments on derivatives:
31 December 2015
       
NOK 1 000
Less than 1 year
1-3 years
More than 3 years
Total
Net settlement
     
 
Interest rate swaps
- 16 409
- 13 204
- 317
- 29 930
Currency futures
- 72 289
- 874
 
- 73 163
Commodity derivatives
51 309
   
51 309
Total
- 37 389
- 14 078
- 317
- 51 784
         
31 December 2014
       
NOK 1 000
Less than 1 year
1-3 years
More than 3 years
Total
Net settlement
     
 
Interest rate swaps
- 1 202
22 313
- 2 088
19 023
Currency futures
- 38 659
- 22 761
 
- 61 420
Commodity derivatives
- 14 634
   
- 14 634
Total
- 54 495
- 448
- 2 088
- 57 031
         
Credit facilities
The table below shows a summary of used and unused credit facilities at 31 December:
 
2015
2014
 
Used
Unused
Used
Unused
Overdraft
       
Secured
34 003
6 297 600
175 351
251 149
Unsecured
48 015
384 120
114 813
694 233
Credit facilities
       
Secured
632 947
314 894
2 701 490
7 578 816
Unsecured
2 045 439
1 939 806
   
Factoring
       
Secured
57 618
19 206
20 376
4 149
Unsecured
480 150
547 371
703 872
236 412
Total secured
724 569
6 631 700
2 897 217
7 834 114
Total unsecured
2 573 604
2 871 297
818 685
930 645
NOTE 30
OPERATING AND FINANCE LEASES
       
The Group as lessor, operating leases
       
The Group leases fixtures and equipment under operating leases. Essentially, equipment is rented out to Elopak's customers who use them in their own production.
       
Specification of income on operating leases
   
2015
2014
Total variable leases recognised as income
 
120 545
110 555
Total
 
120 545
110 555
       
At the balance sheet date, the Group has contracted the following future minimum leases:
 
2015
2014
Totally due next year
 
115 552
93 034
Totally due in 2-5 years
 
290 599
282 959
Totally due after 5 years
 
48 428
31 356
Total
 
454 579
407 349
The amounts have not been discounted.
     
       
The Group as lessor, finance leases
     
       
Specification of income from finance leases
 
2015
2014
Total variable leases recognised as income
 
13 013
17 617
Total income from finance leases
 
13 013
17 617
       
Gross investment compared to the present value of outstanding minimum leases
 
2015
2014
Gross receivables on lease agreements
 
13 963
17 617
Finance income not yet earned
 
- 1 719
- 2 439
Net investment from finance leases (present value)
 
12 244
15 178
       
The Group as lessee, operating leases
     
       
Specification of expenses on operating leases
 
2015
2014
Total variable leases recognised as expenses
 
221 649
158 824
Minimum leases (including fixed leases) recognised as expense
 
124 103
183 310
Subleases recognised as cost reductions
 
- 790
- 171
Total leasing costs
 
344 963
341 963
       
Due for payment
 
2015
2014
Total costs next yeaar
 
357 735
338 231
Total costs 2-5 years
 
981 547
947 479
Total costs after 5 years
 
988 847
822 811
Total
 
2 328 128
2 108 521
The amounts have not been discounted.
     
       
Distribution of the same leasing obligation on leasing objects
 
2015
2014
Buildings and land
 
1 783 085
1 799 654
Machines and installations
 
404 968
207 495
Fixtures, vehicles and equipment
 
140 075
101 372
Total leasing obligations related to operating lease commitments
 
2 328 128
2 108 521
       
The Group as lessee, finance leasing
     
       
Specification of leasing costs of the year
 
2015
2014
Total variable leases recognised as expenses
 
2 100
6 610
Total leasing costs
 
2 100
6 610
       
Future minimum leases and corresponding present values, by due dates:
Minimum rent
Calculated interest
Present value
Total due in one year
1 077
25
1 052
Total due in year 2-5
131
8
123
Total due after 5 years
     
Total leasing obligations related to finance leasing
1 208
33
1 175
       
Net carrying value of leased assets, by asset class
 
2015
2014
Fixtures, vehicles and equipment
 
5 235
4 005
Total carrying value of leased assets
 
5 235
4 005
The fixed assets are also included in the tangible asset note (note 14).
     
NOTE 31
RELATED PARTIES
   
Associated companies and joint ventures
 
Transactions with associated companies and joint ventures are accounted for in note 12.
 
   
The Board and executives
 
The board members' rights and obligations are determined in the Company's Articles of Association and Norwegian legislation. There are no significant agreements with enterprises where a board member has significant interest. Ownership in Ferd AS by board members is shown in note 22, and information on fees to board members and executives in note 11.
 
NOTE 32
EVENTS SUBSEQUENT TO THE BALANCE SHEET DATE
   
In January 2016, Ferd AS sold the business TeleComputing to Investeringsfondet IK Investment partners. The sale was finalised in March 2016 (cf. note 33).
 
   
Ferd made a settlement with the authorities on 8 April 2016 and won the case in the question of deductability for carried interest for the income year 2013. We therefore maintain the balance sheet recording of deferred tax assets related to the deduction for carried interest for 2013 and 2014. As previous years were not part of the settlement and the issue not yet clarified on that point, we cannot recognise deferred tax assets related to these years before Ferd has received a final decision from the tax authorities.
 
NOTE 33
DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS
     
In January 2016, Ferd AS sold the business TeleComputing to Investeringsfondet IK Investment Partners. The sale was finalised in March 2016. The assets and liabilities being part of the transaction are presented as held for sale in the consolidated financial statements as at 31 December 2015. The income statement items from the sold business are presented net on a separate line in the consolidated financial statements for 2015 and 2014. Cash flows are correspondingly restated for 2015.
     
     
The income statement for TeleComputing classified as held for sale as at 31 December 2015
NOK 1 000
2015
2014
     
Sales income
1 462 379
1 274 893
Operating income
1 462 379
1 274 893
     
Cost of goods sold
391 046
304 878
Salary expenses
633 250
566 452
Depreciation and write-downs
105 427
104 930
Other operating expenses
185 422
180 031
Operating expenses
1 315 146
1 156 291
     
Operating profit
147 233
118 602
     
Income on investments accounted for by the equity method
- 20
 
Finance income
53 861
46 243
Finance expense
- 58 809
- 54 803
Net finance items
- 4 968
- 8 560
Profit before tax
142 265
110 042
Tax expense
41 123
26 436
     
Profit after tax from discontinued operations
101 142
83 606
     
Assets and liability for TeleComputing classified as held for sale as at 31 December 2015
     
Intangible assets
 
771 716
Deferred tax assets
 
5 173
Tangible assets
 
174 850
Other financial non-current assets
 
73
Total non-current assets
 
951 811
     
Short-term receivables
 
211 733
Bank deposits
 
- 68 291
Total current receivables
 
143 442
Total assets classified as held for sale
 
1 095 253
     
Non-current liabilities
   
Pension obligations
 
333
Deferred tax
 
56 376
Total non-current liabilities
 
56 710
     
Current liabilities
   
Tax payable
 
33 582
Other current liabilities
 
381 324
Total current liabilities
 
414 905
Total liabilities classified as held for sale
 
471 615
     
Cash flows from business held for sale
2015
2014
Net cash flows from operations
248 810
204 833
Net cash flows used in investment activities
-93 189
-105 701
Net cash flows used in finance activities
-109 403
-124 970
Net cash flows from/-used in business held for sale
46 218
-25 838

Strandveien 50
1324 Lysaker

Postbox 34
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Phone 67 10 80 00
Fax 67 10 80 01

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